2018年上海中考英语复习系列六(句子的种类和用法)(4)
Where does your father work? Can you tell us? ─→
Can you tell us where your father works? 你能告诉我们你爸爸在哪里工作吗? Did you get home very late? He asked me. ─→
He asked me if I got home very late. 他问我是否到家很晚。
2)时态对应:如果主句是一般现在时,宾语从句根据实际情况用各种时态。例如: My teacher says he will be back in a week. 我的老师说他将在一个星期后回来。 (一般将来时)
My teacher says he is watching TV. 我的老师说他正在看电视。 (现在进行时)
My teacher says he has seen the movie. 我的老师说他已经看过这部电影了。 (现在完成时)
如果主句是一般过去时,宾语从句用相应的过去时态。例如:
My father said he was watching TV at that time. 我爸爸说在那个时候他在看电视。
(过去进行时)
My father said the he had already seen the movie. 我爸爸说他已经看过那部电影了。
(过去完成时)
如果宾语从句是表示客观真理和规律的句子时,用一般现在时。例如: Our teacher told us the sun is much bigger than the earth.
我们的老师告诉我们太阳比地球大多了。(一般现在时) 3) 否定转移:
主句如果是I think/ believe/ imagine/ suppose/ guess/ expect等,从句的否定一般要转移到主
句中,其反意疑问句与从句一致。例如:
I don’t think they’ll wait to the last minute. 我认为他们不会等到最后一分钟。
I don’t believe he did this, did he? 我相信他不会做这样的事,他会吗?
2. 定语从句:
用作定语的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般放在它所修饰名词或代词的后面,这个名词或代词叫先行词,引导定语从句的连接词称为关系代词或者关系副词。关系代词在从句中代表先行词可以作主语、宾语、定语等。关系副词代表先行词在从句中可以作状语。
1)选出正确的关系代词或关系副词的关键:①看所修饰的是人还是物;②看它所代表的先行词在定语
从句中做什么成分。例如:
Do you know the man who/that sells eggs to me? 你认识卖给我鸡蛋的那个人吗? (所修饰的词是“the man”,在从句中作主语,用who/ that) Your father was not on the train that/ which arrived just now. 你爸爸不在刚才到达的火车上。
(先行词是物,用which/that,在从句中作主语)
This is the book (which / that) you wanted. 这正是你要的书。 (先行词是物,用which/that,在从句中作宾语,可省)
Do you know the boy whose father is a doctor? 你认识父亲是医生的那个男孩儿吗?
(先行词是人,whose代表“男孩的”,在从句中作定语)
You can go home where you can have a rest. 你可以回到你能休息的家中。 (先行词是地点,where相当于at home,在从句中作地点状语) Do you remember the year when we were hungry every day? 你还记得我们经常挨饿的那一年吗?
(先行词是时间,when相当于in the year,在从句中作时间状语) Do you know the reason why she didn’t come to our party? 你知道他没有参加我们聚会的原因吗?
(先行词是原因,why相当于for the reason,在从句中作原因状语)
2)引导词作宾语时可以省略。例如:
Have you seen the book (that) I gave you yesterday?你看到了我昨天给你的那本书了吗?
3)引导词在定语从句中作主语,不能省略。例如:
Do you know the man who is speaking to your father? 你认识那个在和你爸爸说话的人吗?
3. 状语从句:
用作状语的句子叫状语从句。引导状语从句的连接词是从属连词。状语从句可以在句首,也可以在句尾,根据其用途可分为:时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、结果状语从句、目的状语从句、条件状语从句,比较状语从句等。
A. 时间状语从句:时间状语从句表示时间,常用连接词有:when(当??时),while(当??时),as(当??时),before(在??之前),after(在??之后),since(自从),until(直到), as soon as(一??就),once(一旦??就)等。例如: I didn’t go to bed until I finished my homework. 我直到做完作业才去睡觉。 I can listen to the radio while I work. 我可以边听收音机边工作。 注意:
① 时间状语从句中,一般要用一般现在时代替一般将来时,一般过去时代替过去将来时。例如:
I will telephone you when he comes. 他来了我给你打电话。 I’ll stay here until you come back. 我会呆在这里,直到你回来。
② when引导时间状语从句,表示主句的动作和从句的动作同时或先后发生,从句的谓
语可以是延续性
动词,也可以是瞬间动词。例如:
He was working when I went in. 我进去时他正在工作。
When she heard the news, she began to cry. 她听到这个消息,她哭了起来。 但是while引导的状语从句中常用延续性动词或表示状态的动词,意思是“在??期间”。
They rushed in while we were singing. 我们唱歌时,他们冲进来。
as引导状语从句,强调同时发生,不分先后。可以译成“随着”或“一边??一边”。 John sings as he walks home. 约翰一边往家走一边唱歌。 ③ while还可以表示两者之间的对比关系。例如:
I like playing football, while Tom likes listening to music. 我喜欢踢足球,而汤姆喜欢听音乐。
④ since引导状语从句,主句常用现在完成时,从句常用一般过去时。
We have been friends since we met in Beijing. 自从我们在北京遇到就一直是朋友。
It has been six years since she left school. 自从她毕业已经有六年了。 ⑤ until/ till 引导时间状语从句,当主句的谓语动词是瞬间动词时,主句常用否定形式,not?
until意思为“直到……才”。