2018年上海中考英语复习系列四(动词)(4)
英语的时态
一、中考要求:
英语的动词的时态共有十六种,但是中考常考的主要有八种,一般现在时、一般过去时、现在进行时、过去进行时、一般将来时、过去将来时、现在完成时,过去完成时等时态的构成和用法。其中难点是一般过去时和过去完成时的区别。
二、知识要点:
时态的构成 (以speak为例)
1. 一般现在时的用法
(1)表示经常发生的动作或者经常存在的状态。经常和表示时间的状语often,always,usually,sometimes,every day等连用。例如:
My sister usually goes to school on foot. 我姐姐经常步行去上学。 We often come to school at six in the morning. 我们经常在早上六点到学校。 (2)表示某种习惯或者能力,也可以表示职业、特征等。例如:
My mother often gets up very early in the morning. 我的妈妈经常在早上起床很早。
This kind of car runs very fast. 这种小汽车跑得非常快。 (3)表示客观事实、客观规律或者客观真理。例如:
This kind of trees never grows in the desert. 这种树从来不在沙漠里生长。 Do you know that knowledge is power? 你知道知识就是力量吗? (4)在时间、条件、让步等状语从句中,表示将来的动作。例如:
They’ll be so happy when I tell them. 我告诉他们时,他们会很高兴的。 If you aren’t here on time tomorrow, I’ll write to your parents. 如果你明天不准时到,我就给你父母亲写信。
注意:
(1)一般现在时的第三人称单数:在一般现在时中,如果句子的主语是第三人称单数形式,谓语动词用其第三人称单数形式。例如:
My father often watches TV after dinner at home. 我的爸爸经常在晚饭后在家看电视。
(2)一般现在时的谓语如果是实义动词,其否定句和一般疑问句要用助动词do,第三人称单数用does,doesn’t来构成。例如:
My little brother doesn’t do his homework at school. 我的小弟弟不在学校做家庭作业。
2. 动词一般过去时的用法:
(1)表示过去经常发生的动作或者过去经常存在的状态。常与表示过去的时间状语yesterday,just now,a moment ago,last week/ year/ night,in 1985,in those days,when I was at middle school等连用。例如:
They went to college last year. 他们是去年上大学。
We had a good time in the park yesterday. 我们昨天在公园玩得很高兴。 (2)表示过去接连发生的一系列动作。例如:
We played football first,then went boating and fishing,,and at last had a picnic there.
我们先踢足球,然后去划船、钓鱼。最后我们在那里野餐。 (3)在时间、条件、让步状语从句中,表示过去将来的动作。
She told me that she would not leave until I came back. 她告诉我我回来她才会离开。
注意:
(1)表示过去经常或反复的动作,而现在却不这样做了,也可以用used to +动词原形来表示。例如:
I used to get up very late. 我过去总是起床很晚。
(2)如果主句的谓语动词是现在完成时,since引导的时间状语从句用一般过去时。例如:
We have made a lot of friends since we came here. 自从我们来到这里以来已经交了很多的朋友。 (3)谈论某人的出生日期经常用一般过去时。例如: —When were you born? 你是什么时候出生的? —I was born in 1983. 我出生于1983年。
3. 现在进行时的用法:
(1)表示说话的时候正在发生的动作,经常与时间状语now,at present,at this time/ moment等连用。例如:
The boys are playing football over there now. 这些男孩子们正在那边踢足球。
My father is watching TV with my mother now. 我的爸爸正在和妈妈一起看电视。
(2)表示现阶段正在进行着的动作,但不一定在说话时正在进行。经常与now,these days等时间状语连用。例如:
I am learning French in Beijing these days. 这些天我正在北京学法语。 (3)一些瞬间动词的现在进行时可以表示一般将来时表示“即将??”,常有表示将来的时间状语。常用的这类动词有come,leave,go,arrive,die等。例如: Hurry up! The bus is coming. 快点!公共汽车马上就要开了。
常用在间接引语中,主句的谓语动词是一般过去时。例如:
Your father said he was going to visit your school next week. 你爸爸说他下个星期要到你的学校参观。
They said they would come the next day. 他们说第二天就回来。
7.现在完成时的用法:
(1)表示动作发生在过去的动作对现在造成的影响或者结果,而这种影响或者结果往往是说话人的兴趣所在。常用的状语有already, yet, not? yet, now, just, by this time等。例如:
The bus has come here. 公共汽车已经来了。
Someone has cleaned the window. 有人已经擦了窗户。
(2)表示过去已经开始,持续到现在而且可能继续下去的动作。常与表示一段时间的状语连用,如today, this week/ month/ summer, lately, recently, these days, so far, in the past few days, since the end of last year, for a long time等。例如: We have lived here for two years. 我们在这里住了两年了。
注意:
(1)buy,borrow,die等非延续性动词(也称为瞬间动词)的肯定形式一般不能和表示一段时间的for短语及since短语(或从句)连用,这时要用相应的动词代替这些非延续性动词。例如:
(×) I have bought the bike for two years. 我买这辆自行车两年了。 (√) I have had the bike for two years.
瞬间动词与延续动词的转换:
buy—have stop—be over leave—be away come back—be back
borrow—keep die—be dead begin—be on fall asleep—be asleep
arrive—be here get up—be up join—be in/be a member 例如:
They borrowed the book two weeks ago.他们两个星期前借的这本书。 → They have kept the book for two weeks.
A month has passed since he left home. 他离开家已经一个月了。 → He has been away from home for a month.
(2)注意以下表示法的含义及用法:
have been (to): 去过或到过(某地)(表示某人过去的经历) have gone (to):去(某地)了 (现在可能已在某地) have come (to):来(某地)了 (现在可能已在某地) have been in? +一段时间: 已在某地一段时间了 例如:
He has been to Hangzhou several times. 他到过杭州几次了。
He has gong to Hangzhou, so he can’t help us. 他去杭州了,所以他不可能帮助我们。
He has come to our city. Let’s go to visit him. 他已经到我们城市来了,我们去拜访他吧。