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(1) 系表结构(不及物动词)

系动词 look, sound, feel, smell, taste, appear, seem, go, prove, turn, stay, become, fall, get, grow, keep等 + 形容词/名词

Ice feels cold.

His plan proved (to be) practical.

The milk has gone bad.

关于系动词 ↓

(2) 表示“开始、结束、运动”的词(不及物动词)

begin, finish, start, open, close, stop, end, shut, run, move等

Work began at 7 o'clock this morning.

The shop closes at 6 p.m. every day.

(3) 表示主语属性的词(不及物动词)

read, write, act, iron, cut, draw, drive, sell, wash, clean, wear, cook, lock, dry, eat, drink等，不单独使用，要加修饰语

The coat washes easily. 容易洗

Your book reads very well. 读起来不错

The material has worn thin. 磨薄了

The match won't catch. 擦不着

The car won't start. 发动不起来

The plan worked out wonderfully. 进展得好

(4) 少数动词用于进行时，可以主动表被动

print, cook, sell, build等

The book is printing. 书正在印刷。

The meat is cooking. 肉正在炖着。

The house is building. 房子正在建。

(5) 介词“in / on / under等 + 名词”表被动

表示方位或目的的介词+表示动作的名词，相当于该名词相应动词的被动形式

under control / treatment / repair / discussion / construction

beyond belief / one's reach / one's control

for sale / rent

in print / sight

on sale / show / trial

out of control / sight / one's reach / fashion

The rumor is beyond belief ( = can't be believed ).

Today some treasures are on show ( = are being shown) in the museum.

(6) 不能用于被动语态及物动词或词组

have (有), wish (希望), cost (花费), last (持续), date back to (追溯到), run out (用完), agree with (同意), arrive at/in (到达), shake hands with (握手), succeed in (成功), suffer from (受苦), take part in (参加), walk into/enter (走进), belong to (属于)等

I have an apple.

This apartment cost him two million dollars.

Refugees are suffering from hunger.

〖注意〗严格来说，所有“不及物动词+介词”的词组都不用于被动语态。同时，后面的宾语是介词宾语，不是动词宾语。

(7) 动词不定式

① 不定式作定语时，能在句中找到动作的发出者，则可以主动表被动，否则只能被动表被动

I have a question to ask you. (I是ask的发出者)

I have a lot of documents to type, so I will have to work for extra hours. (I是type的发出者)

Would you like something to drink? (you是drink的发出者)

He lent me some books to read. (me是read的发出者)

Please give me a pencil to write with. (me是write的发出者)

② 疑问代词 + 不定式，能在句中找到动作的发出者，则可以主动表被动

I don't know what to do next.

She will tell you which bus to take.

Do you know whom to go with?

关于不定式作定语 ↓

③ there be + 名词 + 不定式(定语)，可以用主动形式表达被动意义

There is nothing to worry about.

There is no time to waste.

☀有时主动和被动表达的意思不同，主动形式强调主观看法，被动形式强调客观情况

There is nothing to do now. (We have nothing to do.)

There is nothing to be done now. (We can do nothing now.)

There is nothing to see. (Nothing there is worth seeing.)

There is nothing to be seen. (There is nothing.)

④ 不定式作状语、宾补时，句中如果有影响动作完成的形容词(easy, hard, difficult, dangerous, nice, good, interesting, important, fit, impossible, pleasant, light, heavy, bitter, comfortable, cheap, expensive, funny, exciting, delicious等)，则可以主动表被动

The water in the lake is unfit to drink. (不定式作状语)

The strawberries are nice to eat. (不定式作状语)

The problem is easy to work out. (不定式作状语)

The man is hard to please. (不定式作状语)

The room is comfortable to live in. (不定式作状语)

I find the lecture difficult to understand. (不定式作宾补)

I find him pleasant to work with.(不定式作宾补)

⑤ be to blame (该对某事负责)与be to let (待出租)两种结构作表语，都是不定式的主动表被动

Who is to blame for the accident?

This house is to let.

(8) 动词-ing形式

① want, need, require, demand, request, deserve + v-ing，主动形式表达被动意义

Your hair needs cutting. 你头发需要剪了。

The house wants painting. 房子该粉刷了。

The computer demands repairing. 电脑需要修了。

The man deserves punishing. 这个人罪有应得。

② be worth + v-ing，主动形式表达被动意义

The book is really worth reading. 这本书值得一读。

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