2024年突破初中必备语法：现在完成时
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现在完成时的定义
1.表示到说话人说话时已经完成的动作，却对现在仍有影响或结果。
例如：
He has lost his book.
他丢了他的书。
2.表示事情开始于过去，却一直持续到现在还在进行的事情。
例如：
He has taught in our school for 30 years.
他在我们学校教书已有 30 年了。
3.表示从过去某个时间直到现在的这个时间范围内不断重复发生的动作或情况，并且这个不断重复的动作有可能继续下去，也有可能到现在就结束。
例如：
My father has always gone to work by bike.
我父亲一向骑车上班。
4.同一般现在时可以表示将来一样，现在完成时也可以在时间状语从句里表示将来。
例如：
I'll wait until he has written his letter.
我愿等到他把信写完。
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现在完成时的构成
1.肯定句：
主语 + have/has + 动词过去分词 + 其它
2.否定句：
主语 + haven’t/hasn’t + 动词过去分词 + 其它
3.一般疑问句：
Have/Has + 主语 + 动词过去分词 + 其它
4.特殊疑问句：
特殊疑问词 + have/has + 主语 + 动词过去分词 + 其它
例如：
She has played the piano for two hours.
She hasn’t played the piano for two hours.
— Has she played the piano for two hours?
— Yes, she has./ No, she hasn’t.
How long has she played the piano?
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现在完成时的标志词的具体用法
1.already, just, ever, never, before, yet
(1)already 意为“已经”
通常用于肯定句中，可放在助动词之后，过去分词之前，也可以放在句末。
例如：He has already had breakfast.
(2) just 意为“刚刚”
表示行为刚刚过去，常放在助动词与过去分词之间。
例如：My father has just finished his work.
(3)ever 意为“曾经”
用于疑问句或否定句中，放在助动词与过去分词之间。例如：Have you ever visited the Great Wall?
(4) yet 用在疑问句中意为“已经”，用在否定句中意为“还”，常放在句末。
例如：
— Have you watched the movie yet?
— No. I haven’t watched it yet.
(5) never 意为“从来没有”
多放在助动词与过去分词之间，常与 before 连用。
例如：I have never been to such a beautiful place before.
(6) before 意为“以前”
指过去不确定的某个时间，总是放在句末，不受句型的限制。
例如：I haven’t been to Beijing before.
2.since 和 for
(1) since + 过去时间点 / 过去时的从句。
例如：
Helen has lived in New York since 2015.
My brother has learned about 500 English words since he was five years old.
(2) for + 一段时间，其时间状语常用 how long 提问。
例如：
— How long have you cleaned yourroom?
— I have cleaned it for about two hours.
(3) since + 一段时间 + ago=for + 一段时间
例如：Jack has played basketball for three ( since three years ago).
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瞬间动词与延续动词
1.延续性动词表示能够延续的动作，可以与表示时间段的状语连用；瞬间性不能延续的动作，动作一发生立即后通常不能跟时间段，若要跟时间段，将其转化为延续性动词。
例如：
The movie has already begun for ten (错误)
The movie has already begun. (正确)
The movie has already been on for ten (正确)
★在否定句中短暂性动词可与一段时间连用
例如：
I haven’t bought anything for one month.
2.延续性动词和非延续性动词的替换
begin(start)→be on
die →be dead
leave →be away (from) fall
ill(sick, asleep)→be ill(sick, asleep)
get up→be up
go out →be out
finish →be over
put on →wear 或 be on
open →be open
join →be in或 be a member of
close →be closed
go to school→be a student
borrow →keep
buy/get →have
catch(a cold)→ have(a cold)
get to know →know
begin to study→study
come to work→work
move to → live in
finish/end → be over
come to → be in
sit down → be seated
marry → be married
dress → be dressed
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三个have/has 句式的区别
1.have/has been to
表示“曾经去过某地已经不在那里了。可与 just, ever, never等连用。
例如：
I have ever been to Sany.
2.
意为“到某地去了”该人不在现场，一般不用第一、第二人称代词作句子的主语。表示某人去了某地回来）。
例如：
Lily’s father has gone to Chengducome back in three days.
3.have/has been in
表示“在某地呆了间”，常与表示一段时间的状语连用 since, for, how long 等，表示某人在某地多久。
例如：
Mark has been in China since two year.
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用于现在完成时的句子
1.It is the first/second time + that 句型中部分用现在完成时。
例如：
It is the first time that he has visited C
2.This is + 形容词最高级 + that 句型中部分用现在完成时。
例如：
This is one of the most ugliest facehave ever seen.
3.It is / It has been + 时间段 + since ...
例如：
It has been two years since we met last year.
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