2024年初中：英语完成时语法讲解
现在完成时
1、表示过去开始并持续到现在的动作。(动词必须是持续动词)
Chinahas changed a great deal in the past 20 years.
2、强调过去动作对现在的影响和结果。(可以使用非持续动词)
Where have you put the dictionary? I can't find it anywhere.
3、表示反复性或习惯性。常常与often, frequently及表示次数之类的词连用。
I have watched him appear on TV several times.
现在完成进行时
1、表示过去某时开始的动作一直持续到现在，并在持续期间内不断进行着。
I have been working for five years.
It has been raining since last Friday.
2、表示重复的动作。
Jim has been ringing John every night for the last week.
现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别
1、现在完成时表示动作业已完成，而用现在完成进行时谈论未完成的动作。
I have painted this room.(I’ve finished painting it.)
I have been painting this room.(I haven’t finished painting it.)
2、现在完成时关注动作的结果，尤其是谈到数字或数量时;而现在完成进行时关注动作本身，特别是解释动作可见的结果时。
He’s run three miles. (the result: He’s covered the distance of three miles.)
He’s been running for an hour. (the activity and its consequences: this is what he’s been doing for the last hour and why he is exhausted now.)
3、现在完成进行时表示重复的动作时，不能同表示具体数字的词并用。
I’ve posted a dozen postcards, but received none.
I’ve read this book several times.
I’ve been posting postcards since early December.
4、现在完成进行时带有较为强烈的感情色彩。
You have been disturbing me.
5、许多状态动词不能用完成进行时。
I’ve known that for a long time.
The strike has lasted six months.
6、有少数动词用两种时态都可以，但若强调时间长度时用完成进行时较好。
They have been working this term.
Theyhave worked very well this term.
过去完成时
一、 概念：
表示过去的过去，其构成是had +过去分词。
1.肯定句：主语+had+动词过去分词+其他.
2.否定句：主语+had+not+动词过去分词+其他.
3.疑问句：Had+主语+动词过去分词+其他?
肯定回答：Yes,主语+had.
否定回答：No,主语+hadn't.
4.特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词或词组+had+主语+过去分词+其他?
5.被动语态：主语+had(not) +been+动词过去分词+其他.
二、 用法：
1. 表示某一动作在过去某一时刻之前已完成。例如:
He had gone to bed by 10:00 last night. (昨夜十点钟之前他已上床去睡了。)
2. 与一般过去时搭配，表达某一动作在过去的动作发生时已完成。例如：
The train had started when I got to the station. (当我到达车站时火车已开走了。)
The minute I saw a lady getting off the bus, I knew it was she, for I had seen her before. (我一看到正在下公共汽车的那位女士就知道是她，因为我以前看见过她。)
解说：使用过去完成时在简单句里表达某一动作在过去的某一时刻已完成时，该过去的时刻常以“by +过去时间”的短语来表达。
例如下面的说法是不正确的：
He had gone to bed at 10:00 last night.
若是要说“at 10:00 last night”就必须用一般过去时“He went to bed...”。请再观察下面的句子试比较：
It had rained yesterday. (误)
It rained yesterday.(正)
或许你会说：“昨天下了雨，可是今天已放晴了，下雨已是过去的事，而且已经下完了，所以就用过去完成时……。”这就是最令同学们对一般过去时和过去完成时感到混淆和困惑的。
实际上只要我们了解下面的两点原则就可以消除这种现象。
1. 由过去的时间作状语来修饰动词的句子都使用一般过去时。
2. 除非从谈话的先后关系和上下文关系对过去的动作完成的基准点可以确定以外，应该避免在简单句中使用过去完成时。
将来完成时
1、表示到将来某个时间为止势必会完成或预计要完成的动作。
如：When we get there, she’ll have gone to work. 我们到那里时她会已上班去了。
I expect you will have changed your mind by tomorrow. 我预料到明天你就会改变主意了。
例句：
我已经在这住了5年了。I have lived here for 5 years.
截止到去年我已经住在这4年了。I have lived here for 4 years by last year.
到明年的时候我就住这6年了。I will have lived here for 6 years by next year.
2、表示某种状况将一直持续到说话人所提及的某一将来时间。
如：We will have been married a year on June 25th. 到6月25日我们俩结婚就满1年了。
By this time next week, I will have been working for this company for 24 years. 到下星期此刻，我就已经为该公司干了24年了。
By next Monday,she will have studied here for three years.到下周一，她在这里学习就要满3年了。
The concert will begin at half past eight.They will have played half an hour when you arrive.音乐会将在8点半开始。你到达时，他们将已经演奏半小时了。
3、表示对现在或将来可能已经完成动作的推测，对过去实况的推测。
He will have arrived by now.他这是可能已经到了。
He is a somebody now.He will have forgotten his old friends.他现在是个要人了，可能把老朋友都忘了。
You'll have heard that China will launch another spaceship.中国将要发射另一艘宇宙飞船，你可能已经听说了。
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