2024年初中英语语法专项：宾语从句讲与练
宾语从句讲与练
(一)that引导的宾语从句
在以that引导的宾语从句中，从属连词that只起引导作用，在从句中不作任何成分，也没有实际意义，在口语或非正式文体中常常省略。这种宾语从句的语序和正常的陈述句语序一样，符合汉语的习惯。
a. 有很多及物动词如say, think, know, hope, see,hear, remember, mean等后可跟that引导的宾语从句。如：
* Ithink (that) I’ve lost the key.
* Wehope (that) it’s fine tomorrow so that we can go hiking.
*Many foreigners say (that) the Chinese people are very friendly.
b. be +形容词+that从句
在主句中为动词be加某些形容词如sorry, afraid, glad, sure等作表语时，后面可跟that引导宾语从句。如：
* I’mafraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.
* Areyou sure you’ve lost the way?
注意：一些表示人的感情的形容词如happy, glad, pleased, surprised, excited, sorry, afraid等后面可接不定式也可以接that引导的宾语从句，表示产生这种感情的原因。如果主句与从句的主语一致，可以直接接不定式，如果不一致，则只可用that引导的宾语从句。
如：
* Weare surprised to see you here. = We are surprised that we see you here.
* Theteacher is pleased that her students have made great progress in English.
C. 学习宾语从句的用法应注意的问题
a. 当主句为一般现在时态时，宾语从句可根据实际需要选用不同的时态。如：
* Doyou know (that) they are waiting for you at the bus stop?
* Ihear he has been back for two days.
b. 当主句为一般过去时态时，宾语从句也要用过去的时态。如：
* Ididn’t know that they were waiting for me at the bus stop.
* Wewere surprised that he had already finished his paper.
c. 当think引导否定形式的宾语从句时，习惯上应该将否定词not移到主句中去否定动词think，而think后面的宾语从句保持肯定式。如：
* (误) I think you are not right.
(正) Idon’t think you are right.
* Idon’t think they can come in such bad weather.
Practice 1: 将下列汉语译成英语
1.他考试及格了，我很高兴。
2.我想她一小时后回来。
3.我知道那是真的。
4.那意味着小汽车不能进去吗?
5.我告诉了他你昨天去了上海。
6. 那时英语老师认为我学习不够刻苦。
7. 昨天李华告诉我他订好了两张机票。
8. 我对他刚才说的话非常感兴趣。
参考答案：
1.他考试及格了，我很高兴。
I’m very glad that he has passed the exam.
2.我想她一小时后回来。
I think she’ll be/come back in an hour.
3.我知道那是真的。
I know that it’s true.
4.那意味着小汽车不能进去吗?
Does it mean that cars can’t go in?
5.我告诉了他你昨天去了上海。
I told him that you went to Shanghai yesterday.
6.那时英语老师认为我学习不够刻苦。
At that time, my English teacher didn’t think I was workinghard enough.
7.昨天李华告诉我他订好了两张机票。
Yesterday Li Hua told me that he had booked 2 air tickets.
8.我对他刚才说的话非常刚兴趣。
I amvery interested in what he just said.
(二)：由连接代词或连接副词引导的宾语从句
所谓连接代词和连接副词就是疑问代词和疑问副词，如：who,whose, when, what, which, whom, where, why, how以及由how构成的词组，它们在构成疑问句时叫疑问词。在引导宾语从句时被称作连接代词或连接副词。连接代词或连接副词在宾语从句中有含义，担任相关句子成分，不能省略。
A. 连接代词引导的宾语从句
连接代词有：who,whom, whose, which和what。这些词在宾语从句中担任一定的句子成分，充当宾语从句中的主语、宾语、表语或定语等，具有一定的意义。如：
* Idon’t know who will give us a talk this time.
(who在宾语从句中作主语)
* Canyou tell me whom you are waiting for?
(whom在宾语从句中作介词for的宾语)
* Sheasked whose jacket it was.
(whose在宾语从句中作定语修饰jacket)
*Please tell me what you’ve done.
(what在宾语从句中作动词done的宾语)
* Idon’t know whose that watch is.
(whose在宾语从句中作表语)
B. 连接副词引导的宾语从句
连接副词有：when,where, why和how。在宾语从句中担任一定的句子成分，充当宾语从句中的状语，表示时间、地点、原因或方式等。如：
* Doyou know when they’ll be back?
(when在宾语从句中作状语，表示be back的时间)
* Iwant to know where she lives.
(where在宾语从句中作状语，表示live的地点)
* MrZhang asked him why he was late for school again.
(why在宾语从句中作状语，表示be late的原因)
*Please tell me how you did it.
(how在宾语从句中作状语，表示do的方式)
此外，包含how的词组也可以引导宾语从句，这种词组在宾语从句中也担任一定的句子成分，充当定语、表语等成分。如：
* Heasked how far it was to the post office.
(how far短语在宾语从句中作表语)
* Canyou tell me how old she is?
(how old短语在宾语从句中作表语)
* Iwant to know how much all these things are.
(how much短语在宾语从句中作表语)
*Nobody can tell how many people went to the park today.
(how many短语在宾语从句中作定语)
C. 用于连接由连接代词或连接副词引导的宾语从句的动词或动词短语：
see,say, tell, ask, answer, know, decide, remember, forget, find out, show, choose等。
D. 由连接代词或连接副词引导的宾语从句的语序及时态
由连接代词或连接副词引导的宾语从句本身为疑问语序转变成宾语从句，要把语序调整为陈述语序。即：
主句+连接代词/连接副词+主语+谓语动词+宾语+其它成分
这类宾语从句与主句之间的时态关系：
a. 如果主句用现在时，宾语从句根据自身时间状语选择事态
b. 如果主句用过去时，宾语从句用相应的过去时态。
如：
* Doyou know what day it is today?
* Canyou tell me when the train will leave?
* Iwant to know where the bus stop is.
*Could you tell how old your child is?
注意: 当连接代词在宾语从句中充当主语时, 从句的语序不变。如：
* Idon’t know who took my dictionary.
* Iwonder what’s wrong with you.
*Could you tell me which is the way to the cinema?
E. 学习由连接代词或连接副词引导的宾语从句应该注意的问题
当what, which, who(whom)等疑问代词作宾语从句里介词的宾语时，从句中的介词不可随意省略掉。如：
* 我不知道他们在找什么。
(误) I don’t know what they are looking.
(正) I don’t know what they are looking for.
* 你能告诉我你们在谈论谁吗?
(误) Can you tell me whom (who) you are talking?
(正) Can you tell me whom (who) you are talking about?
* 你知道她住在哪个房间吗?
(误) Do you know which room she lives?
(正) Do you know which room she lives in?
* 你知道他在听什么音乐吗?
(误) Do you know what kind of music he is listening?
(正) Do you know what kind of music he is listening to?
Practice 2: 用适当的关联词填空
1.Itworried her a bit __________ her hair was turning gray.
2.These photographs will show you __________ our village looks like.
3.The teacher explains __________ this means.
4.“Please explain __________ you’re so late,” his boss said.
5.We’ll have our picnic in the Summer Palace. You know __________ it is, don’tyou?
6. Even the small children knew __________ FatherChristmas got into their houses.
7. Shirley likes __________ Linda likes.
8. I don’t know __________ I should put it, on the floor or on thetable.
9. Her mother doesn't know __________ the train arrived.
10.Iappreciate it ______ you bring some water and food to us.
I appreciate it ______ he brought us so muchwater and food.
答案：
1.that 2.what 3.what 4.why 5.where 6.how 7.what 8.where 9.when 10.if; that
if和whether引导的从句
A. if和whether引导宾语从句
if和whether是从属连词，表示“是否”的意思，可引导宾语从句，在一般情况下可以互换。if多用于口语和非正式问题中，whether多用于比较正式的问题中。一般疑问句作宾语从句时往往要用if或whether来引导，同时疑问语序要调整为陈述语序，时态也要根据主句谓语动词的时态作相应的调整。如：
* Idoubt whether / if he will succeed.
*Nobody knew whether / if we were going away right now.
*Let’s see if / whether we can find out some information
about that city.
B. 只能用whether引导从句的情况
下列几种情况只能用whether不可用if引导。
a. 在带to的不定式前。如：
* Wehaven’t decided whether to walk there or not.
*They don’t know whether to take part in the meeting or not.
b. 在介词的后面。如：
* I’mthinking of whether we should go to see the film.
* I’mnot angry about whether he will pass the exam or not.
c. 直接与or not连用时。如：
* Ican’t say whether or not they can come on time.
* I’mnot sure whether or not his answer is correct.
d. 在动词discuss后面的宾语从句中。如：
* Wediscussed whether we had a sports meeting next week.
e. 宾语从句提前时只能用whether。如：
*Whether the news is true or not, I don’t care.
f. 在句首引导主语从句或表语从句时。如：
*Whether he’ll come to see us is not important.
* Theproblem is whether he can get them to the top of the hill.
C. 只能用if引导从句的情况
a. if不仅可以引导宾语从句还可以引导条件状语从句，此时只能用if而不能用whether。如：
* Thestudents will go on a picnic if it is sunny tomorrow.
b. 引导否定概念的宾语从句时一般用if而不用whether。如：
* Heasked if I didn’t come to school yesterday.
c. 引导状语从句even if (即使)和as if (好象)中的if不能用whether来替代。如：
*I’ll send for you even if you don’t come.
* Hetalks as if he has known all about it.
D. 宾语从句中时态不受主句时态影响的几种情况：
1.当宾语从句表示的是科学真理、客观事实、格言或其他不受时间限制、影响、客观存在的事物时。如：
*Long long ago, people didn’t know that the earth moves
round the sun.
* Theteacher told her students that practice makes perfect.
2.当宾语从句用来解释、表达科技内容时。如：
* Ourteacher told us that the attraction of the earth for all bodies is calledgravity.
3.当宾语从句表达一种反复出现或目前习惯性动作时。如：
* Hesaid he takes a walk after supper every day.
4.当宾语从句中的谓语动词所表示的动作在转述时仍在继续，表示现在时刻仍存在的状态时。如：
* Shetold me the other day that she is only eighteen.
* Hesaid that his father is attending a meeting in Beijing.
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