一、基本概念

现在完成时态表示过去发生的动作对现在的影响或有无某方面的经历。

时态构成：have/has + 动词过去分词

现在完成时态是很难掌握的一种时态，因为它并不是表示发生在某一时间的事情，而是既涉及过去，又联系现在的一种时态。

比较：I live in Shanghai. 我住在上海。(一般现在时)

I moved to Shanghai ten years ago. 十年前我搬到上海住了。(一般过去时)

I have lived in Shanghai for ten years. 我在上海住了十年了。(现在完成时)

二、用法详解

现在完成时的构成

现在完成时由“have / has+过去分词”构成。

其中的have / has 为助动词，构成疑问句时，可将其提前;构成否定句时，可直接在其后加not。

过去分词的构成

①一般情况→词尾+ed

动词原形 过去式和过去分词

Walk行走 walked

Work工作 worked

Help帮助 helped

②以不发音字母e结尾→词尾+d

动词原形 过去式和过去分词

Decide决定 decided

Hope希望 hoped

Like喜欢 liked

③以“辅音字母+y”结尾→变y为i，再加-ed

动词原形 过去式和过去分词

Carry搬运 carried

Hurry快 hurried

Fly飞翔 flied

④以重读闭音节结尾，且末尾只有一个

辅音字母→双写词尾+ed

动词原形 过去式和过去分词

Stop停止 stopped

Nod点头 nodded

Plan计划 planned

注意：上面介绍的都是过去式和过去分词的规则变化，也就是“动词原形+ed”.实际上还有许多动词的过去式和过去分词的变化是不规则的。如：

(1)动词原形、过去式、过去分词形式都相同：

cut→cut, cut(切割)

(2)过去式、过去分词形式都相同：

bring→brought, brought(带来)

(3)动词原形、过去式、过去分词形式都不相同：

go→went, gone(去)

这些规则的变化需要逐个记忆。更多不规则动词的变化，可以查看书后附录。

练习一

写出下列动词的过去式和过去分词形式。

动词原形 过去式 过去分词

do did done

drop

go

begin

cut

move

fry

give

smell

win

run

现在完成时的用法

表影响：表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响和结果，可以和already, yet, just等连用。

1) I have already posted the photos. 我已经把照片寄了。(照片不在我这里了)

2) ---have you had your lunch yet? 你吃午饭了吗?

---Yes, I have just had it. 是的，我吃了，我刚刚吃过。(现在不饿了)

练习二完成句子：

我们已经完成了工作: We work.

她刚参加一个晚会回来 She from an evening party.

表继续：表示过去已经开始，持续到现在，还可能继续下去的动作或状态，可以和表示从过去某一时刻延续到现在的一段时间的状语连用。如：this morning, these days, in the last (past)…, since, for a long time 等。

1)They have lived here since 1989. 自从1989年以来，他们就住在这里。

2) She has been there for over two years. 她在那里两年多了。

练习三完成句子：

她已当了20年的老师_________________________________

你在这里住了多久了?__________________________________

我认识她很长时间了.

表经验：表示从过去到现在之间曾经经历过的事情，常和never, ever, once, three times, before等连用。

1) I have never been to Egypt before. 我以前从没去过埃及。

2) He has been to Egypt three times. 他去过埃及3次了。

练习四完成句子：

你当过教师吗?___________________________________

他过去从未开过车____________________________________

练习五

( ) 1. We ___ a new school in my hometown recently (最近).

A. build B. have built C. built D. will build

( )2.----Did your brother go to America last year?

---- ________.

A.No, he did never go there B.No, he has never gone there

C. No, he never was there D. No, he's never been there

( ) 3 _____ the Great Wall?

A. Have you ever gone to B. Are you ever going to

C. Do you ever go to D. Have you ever been to

( ) 4.I___ the book yet.

A. haven't read B. hadn't read C. don't read D. am not reading

( ) 5 They left for Beijing last month and we ___ them ever since.

A. don't hear from B. haven't heard from C. won't hear from D. didn't hear from

( ) 6 He says he___ the book several times already this year.

A. had read B. has read C. will read D. is reading

现在完成时与一般过去时的区别

现在完成时与一般过去时都表示过去的动作，但现在完成时强调这一动作与现在的关系，如对现在产生的影响、生成的结果等等，而一般过去时只表示在过去的时间内发生的动作或存在的状态，强调动作，前者强调影响。

1) A: Have you seen the film? 你看过这部电影吗?

B: Did you see the film? 你看过这部电影吗?

A句强调的是被问者对剧情是否了解;B句强调的是看这部电影的动作是否发生过，并不强调是否知道其内容。

2)A: She has watered the flowers.　她已经浇了花。(不需要再浇了)

B:She watered the flowers yesterday.　她昨天浇的花。

表示过去的时间状语如：yesterday, last week , two years ago ,just now ,in 2002 等，以及when为首的疑问句与一般过去时连用，而不与现在完成时连用。

1) Tom has written a letter to his parents last night. (错)

Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night. (对)

2) ---have you ever been to the great wall?

---Yes, I have.

---When did you go there?

---Last week.

使用现在完成时的几个问题(非常重要，常考)

have been to, have gone to和have been in

1) have been to 表示“过去曾去过某地”，说话时已从该地回来或去了其它地方，总之，现在已不在该地。

2) have gone to 表示“以去了某地”，说话时不在说话地点或在去该地的途中，或已到了该地。总之，现在还未回来。

3) have been in 表示“已在该地(待了多久)”。表示“已在小地方多久”，需用at, 而后面跟副词时只用have been，不用任何介词。

Xiao Li have been to Beijing. 小李去过北京。

Xiao Li have gone to Beijing. 小李去了北京。

Xiao Li have been in Beijing for three years. 小李在北京待了三年了。

( ) 1 My father isn't here now. He ___Shanghai. He ___ there twice.

A. has gone; has been B. has gone to; has been to

C. has been to; has gone D. has gone to; has been

( ) 2 -Hi! Bruce. I haven’t seen you for three weeks.

-Hi! George. I___ America.

A. have gone to B. went to C. have been to D. have been in

( ) 3 My uncle___ London for five years. But he will be back next year.

A. went B. has been in C. has gone D. has gone to

( ) 4 -Could I speak to Mrs. Black, please?

-Sorry, she ___ to the library.

A. is going B. has gone C. has been D. will to

( ) 5 Peter is young, but he___ many foreign countries.

A. has been in B. has gone to C went to D. has been to

答案：1-5 D C D B D

since的用法

1) since +过去一个时间点　(如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past six)。

I have been here since 1989.

My aunt has worked in a clinic since 1949.

2) since +一段时间+ ago

I have been here since five months ago.

比较since和for

Since 用来说明动作起始时间，for用来说明动作延续时间长度。

I have lived here since I was born.

Some new oilfields have been opened up since 1976.

I have lived here for more than twenty years.

I have not heard from my uncle for a long time.

Ihave worked here for many years.

He has lived in Beijing for 8 years.

把括号中错误或不恰当的答案划掉。

例：(Have, Did)you (watered, water) the flowers yet? 你浇花了吗?

1.The Browns (lived, have lived) in Beijing since 1997.

2.(Have, Do) you (seen, see) Julia recently?

3.---Would you like some more soup?

---No, thanks. I (have had, had) enough.

4.Wait a minute. They (haven’t arrived, don’t arrive) yet.

5.Is this the first time you (have cooked, cook) spaghetti?

答案：

1.lived(布朗一家自从1997年就住在北京。)

2.Do; see(你最近看到茱莉亚了吗?)

3.had(你想再要点汤吗?不，谢谢，我已经够了。)

4.don’t arrive(等一会，他们还没到。)

5.cook(这是你第一次做意大利面吗?)

现在完成时态中，当句中含有一段时间状语时，谓语动词短暂变延续!

1. 现在完成时中有瞬间动词和延续性动词的区分：

[说明] “终止”、“延续”要转换：英语中的动词从词义上可以分为延续性和非延续性(瞬间动词)两种，在现在完成时态中一定要注意动词这一特性，当句中含有一段时间状语时，应将这类瞬间动词转换为延续性动词。

瞬间动词：come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, die等。

延续性动词：live, teach, learn, work, study, know.

例如：The film has begun. → The film has been on for an hour.

He has gone . → He has been away for ten minutes.

2、初中阶段常见的瞬间动词对应的延续性动词总结：

leave --- be away, borrow --- keep, buy --- have,

begin/start--- be on, die --- be dead, finish --- be over,

fallill --- be ill, get up---be up, become --- be,

catcha cold --- have a cold, go there --- be there,

come back --- be back, put on→ wear; go out ---be out，

getto/ arrive/reach --- be (in) open(v.)---be open(adj.),

join --- be in+组织机构/ be a member of+组织机构

答 案

练习一答案：

动词原形 过去式 过去分词

Drop dropped dropped

Go went gone

Begin began begun

Cut cut cut

Move moved moved

Fry fried fried

Give gave given

Smell smelt\smelled smelt\smelled

Win won won

run ran run

练习二完成句子：

We have just finished work.

She has just come back from an evening party.

练习三完成句子：

She has been a teacher for 20 years.

Howlong have you lived here?

Ihave known her for a long time.

练习四完成句子：

Have you ever been a teacher before?

Hehas never driven a car.

练习五答案. 1-6 B D D A B B

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