现在完成时

一、知识梳理

要点一：

现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，但它的影响现在还存在;也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。

1.动作在过去发生并持续到现在。I have lived in Jiangyinfor 15 years./since15 yearsago.

2.动作在过去发生并对现在产生影响。I have seen this film before.

3.某个动作从过去到现在已经发生了多次。

He has read this book three times. I have been to Beijing four times.

要点二：

1、

规则变化的过去分词与过去式的变化一样，在动词词尾加ed;

不规则变化的过去分词见不规则动词表，需要同学记忆。

现以see the film为例将现在完成时的肯定句，否定句和疑问句列表如下：

have

肯定句：I/You/We/Theyseen the film. He/She /Itseen the film.

have

否定句：I/You/We/Theynot/ haven’t seen the film.

has

He/ She/Itnot/hasn’t seen the film.

Have

疑问句：I/you/they seen the film? Yes, you/ we/I/they have. No, you/ we/I/they.

Has

he/she/it seen the film? Yes, he/ she/ it has. No, he/ she/ it.

2、

①一般直接在词尾加上ed。look—looked

②以e结尾的动词，直接加d。move—moved③以y结尾，y前面是辅音字母的动词，变y为i，再加ed。carry—carried④部分动词需双写尾字母，加ed。stop—stopped

⑤不规则变化

AAB

ABC

ABB

要点三：

用法：现在完成时既涉及过去，又联系

用法1：

常与just(刚刚)，already(已经)，never(从来没有)，ever(曾经)，before(以前)，yet(仍然)，once(一次)，twice(两次)，many times(很多次)，how many times(多少次)，so far(迄今为止)，during the past(last)three years(最近三年来)等连用。

※副词的位置：

just

①just常用于肯定句中，放在have / has后，He hascome .

never

②never表示否定,放在have / has后, He hasvisited the Great Wall.

ever

③ever用于疑问句中,句型为: Have / Has+主语++过去分词?“…曾经……过吗?”用于询问某人过去的经历。Have youbeen to the farm?

before

④before用于句末，The woman has never heard of that.

yet

⑤yet用于句末或not之后.(用于否定句和疑问句)Has the train arrived? No, not

already

⑥already用于肯定句, have / has之后或句末.We havefinished it.

So far,

⑦so far用于句首或句末.we have visited the moon.

用法

for 19 years

①for+表示一段时间的词语I have taught English。

since 1986

②since+表示过去时间点的词语He has been at this school.

since I was born.

③since+表示过去的时间状语从句I have lived here

since 20 years ago.

④since+一段时间+ago.I have known him

用法3：

twice

I have been to Beijing.我去过北京两次。

twice

He has watched the film.这部电影他已经看过两遍了。

要点四：

现在完成时态中

(for，since，how long, all one’s life)

用的动词必须是表示延续的情况或动作的动词，即延续性动词

。

如：be，have，know，live，work，study，learn，teach，keep，speak，talk，draw，wait，wear，walk，sleep，drive，write，do，clean等。

have been

Ia teacher.has he lived here?

要点五：

语连用

。

如this morning，today，this week，these days

this year.

He has been to Beijing three times

this morning.

He has written two letters(说话时间在上午)

this morning.

He wrote two letters(说话时间在下午或晚上)

要点六：

英语中还有一些动词的意义决定它们所表示的动作不能延续

常见的有：come，go，arrive，reach，see，hear，close，open，leave，begin，start，lose，buy，fall，join，die，get up，become，borrow，lend，find，finish，receive等。这些动词可用于现在完成时，说明某个动作的结果还存在，但不能和表示一段时间的状语(how long，for，since)连用。

for two hours

He has come back.(√)He has come back.(×)

※但在否定句中，非延续性动词也可用表示一段时间的状语来修饰(因为非持续性动词的这种否定形式构成一种状态，而这一状态是可以持续的)，如

I haven’t heard from my father for a long time.

We haven’t seen him since 1999.

【注意】：当终止性动词(非延续性动词)与表示一段时间的状语(how long，since，for，all

one’s life)相矛盾时,改正错句的方法有如下几种:

用副词

(1)

two weeks ago.

He has come back for two weeks.(错)改为:He came back(正)

ten days ago

I have lost my bike for ten days.(错)改为:I lost my bike.(正)

用

(2)。

He has joined the League(社团)for 3 years.(错)It is 3 years since he joined the League.

I have bought the book for 5 days.(错)It is 5 days since I bought the book.(正)

He has died for 20 years.(错)It is 20 years since he died.(正)

用

(3)

He has left home for 20 years.改为:Twenty years has passed since he left home.

He has lost his pen for 2 days.改为:Two days has passed since he lost his pen.

用系表结构来改写

(4)

has been dead

He has died for 20 years.改为: Hefor 20 years.

has been open

The factory has opened since 1999.改为:The factorysince 1999.

been away

How long has he left?改为:How long has he?

用相应的延续性动词替代非延续性动词。

(5)

has had

He has bought the book for two weeks.改为:Hethe book for two weeks.

常见的相应转换形式如下:

keep

borrow / lend→,

have

buy/catch→,

be over

finish /stop/end→,

be on

begin / start→,

be open

open→,

be closed

close→,

be dead

die→,

be away

leave→,

be up

get up→,

be asleep

fall asleep→,

be ill

fall ill→,

Married→be married

know

get to know→,

be lost

lose→,

be

become→,

study,

begin to study→

be in / be

join→,

have a letter

receive / get a letter→,

have a cold

catch / get a cold→,

be in the army /be a soldier

join →,

be back

return / come back / get back→,

be in school / be a student

go to school→,

be in /at / be here /be there

arrive /come / go / move / reach /get to→,

I havekeptthis bookfor three days.

He hashadthis carfor two years.

The film hasbeen over/onfor half an hour.

The doghas been deadfor 3 days.

My parentshas been marriedfor 15 years.

他参军已有三年.He has joined the army for three years.(错)改为:

has been in

Hethe army for three years / since three years ago.

has been a soldier

Hefor three years / since three years ago.

He joined the army three years ago.

It is three years since he joined the army.

Three years has passed since he joined the army.

要点七：

现在完成时中应注意的几个问题

have/has gone to；have/has been to；have/has been in的区别

have/has gone to：已经去了，还没有返回;强调“去了”，现在人不在说话的现场

have/has been to：曾经去过某地，现在已经回来了，后面可接表示“次数”的状语;

have/has been in：表示某人“已在某地停留一段时间，现仍在那里”，其后常带表示一段时间的状语。

①He has been to the USA three times.他到美国去过三次。(过去“到美国”，现在已“不在美国”)

②--Where's your mother? --你妈妈在哪?

--She has gone to thehospital. --她去医院了。

③She has been to Shanghai only once.

④--How many times has he been there? --He's been there many times.

⑤They have been at the bus stop for half an hour.他们在车站呆了半小时。(现在仍然在车站)

⑥We have been in Xi'an for two weeks.我们在西安呆了两个多星期。(现仍在西安)

⑦How long have they been in China?他们在中国呆了多长时间了?(仍在中国)

要点八：

如何通过与一般过去时做比较,进一步掌握现在完成时?

一般过去时和现在完成时的动作都发生在过去,但意义却不同.

(1)一般过去时只表示过去的动作或状态,和现在不发生关系。

现在完成时表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响,强调的是现在。

learned

如:Iten English songs(说明过去学过,现在是否记得,不是本句的内容)

have learnt

Iten English songs.(learn发生在过去,但强调我现在懂英语歌曲)

cleaned

Ithe blackboard halfan hour ago.(只说明“擦”和其发生的时间)

have cleaned

Ithe blackboard.(说明现在黑板是干净的)

has written

The teachersome new words on the blackboard(黑板上现在有单词)

wrote

The teachersome new words on the blackboard(黑板上现在没有单词)

(2)一般过去时可以和表示过去的时间状语连用,如:yesterday, last year, three days ago, just now,等。现在完成时不能和表示过去的时间状语连用,其时间状语可以是since…,for… , just, ever, never, before, already, yet , so far, all one’s life等

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