现在完成时

定义

现在完成时是过去的动作或状态持续到现在并且已经完成，对现在造成的影响，可能持续发生下去。在英语时态中，“时“指 动作 发生的时间，”态“指动作的样子和 状态 。

1.表示到说话人说话时已经完成的动作，却对现在仍有影响或结果。例如：He has lost his book.他丢了他的书。2.表示事情开始与过去，却一直持续到现在还在进行的事情。例如：He has taught in our school for 30 years.他在我们学校教书已有30年了。3.表示从过去某个时间直到现在的这个时间范围内不断重复发生的动作或情况，并且这个不断重复的动作有可能继续下去，也有可能到现在就结束。例如：My father has always gone to work by bike.我父亲一向骑车上班。4.同一般现在时可以表示将来一样，现在完成时也可以在时间状语从句里表示将来。例如：I'll wait until he has written his letter.我愿等到他把信写完。

构成

主语 + have / has + done(过去分词) + …

句型

肯定句:

①主语 + have / has + done+ …She has been to Shanghai.她去过上海.I have finished doing my homework.我已经完成我的作业了.

否定句:

①主语 + have / has + not +done + …I haven’t seen this film.我没有看过这部电影.She hasn’t finished doing his homework.她还没有完成她的作业.

一般疑问句：

① Have / Has + 主语 + done + …Have you seen this film ?Yes, I have. /No, I haven’t .你看过这部电影吗?是的, 看过. / 不, 没有.Has she finished doing his homework ?Yes, she has . /No, she hasn’t.她完成她的作业了吗?是的, 完成了. / 不, 没有.

特殊疑问句：

①特殊疑问词 + have / has + 主语 + done + …When has you seen this film ?你什么时候看的这部电影?Who has finished doing his homework ?谁完成了作业?

标志词时间状语：典型的表时间的词与现在完成时连用

与for 、since、 already、 yet、 ever、 never、 recently、just、before、 so far、 by now、 …等连用.注意: for+一段时间 since+过去的某一个时间点

I have lived in Nanning for ten years.I have lived in Nanning since ten years ago/ 2002.I haven’t eaten anything for ten hours.I ha haven’t eaten anything since 6am.

already :

用于肯定句, 可放在助动词之后、过去分词之前，也可放在句末.I have already finished my homework.

yet:

用在疑问句中意为”已经”, 用在否定句中表示”还”, 常放在句末.Have you finished your homework yet?I haven’t finished my homework yet.

ever:

曾经 用于疑问句中：Have you ever been to Beijing?Have you ever been to Shanghai ?你去过上海吗?

never:

未曾 从未I have never traveled by plane before.我以前从来没有乘飞机旅行过.

recently：

最近 用于肯定 否定 疑问句中I have been busy recently.We have not seen Tom recently.Have they been here recently.

现在完成时的23个“标志词

以下的词汇，通常使用“现在完成时”结构。1)ever since, since, since then——3个2)by now, so far, till/until now, up to now——5个3)before, lately, recently——3个4)in recent years;in the past——2个5)in/for/over/during the last/past +时间段——2个6)This/That/It is + 最高级结构… (that) +从句用现完——1个7)This/That/It is the first/second… time (that) +从句用现完——1个8)This/That/It is the only…(that) +从句用现完——1个9)不很常见的up to the present, to date, thus far——3个10)不很常见的long ago, from——2个

用法现在完成时既涉及过去，又联系现在

1.现在完成时不能单独与准确时间连用，(如表示过去的时间状语)如:yesterday(morning、afternoon),last(morning、afternoon)等，除非与for,since连用.

2.现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用如:already(肯定，句中)，yet(否定，疑问，句中)，just,before,recently,still,lately,never等：He has already obtained a scholarship.他已经获得了一份奖学金。I haven't seen much of him recently (lately).我已经很久没有看到他(最近的)。We have seen that film before.我们以前已经看过那部电影了。Have they found the missing child yet?他们找到失踪的孩子了吗?

3. 现在完成时态经常与表示频度的时间状语连用，如：often,sometimes,ever,never,twice,on several occasion等Have you ever been to Beijing?你以前去过北京吗?I have never heard Bunny say anything against her.我从来没有听到Bunny说她的坏话。I have used this pen only three times. It is still good.这支钢笔我只用过三次。它仍然是好的。George has met that gentleman on several occasions.乔治已经在好几个场合见过那个先生几次。

4. 现在完成时还往往可以同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用如:now,up to these few days/weeks/months/years,this morning/week/month/year,just,today,up to present,so far等：Peter has written six papers so far.彼得写了六篇论文，到目前为止。Man has now learned to release energy from the nucleus of the atom.人们现在已经学会了从原子核中释放能量。There has been too much rain in San Francisco this year.今年以来旧金山雨水太多。The friendly relations and cooperation between our two countries have been enhanced in the past few years.我们两国之间的友好合作关系在近几年得到了提高。Up to the present everything has been successful.到现在为止一切都是成功的。

5.现在完成时还可以用来表示过去的一个时间到现在这段时间内重复发生的动作。即表示从过去某个时间直到现在的这个时间范围内不断重复发生的动作或情况，并且这个不断重复的动作有可能继续下去，也有可能到现在就结束。How often have you seen her?你隔多久见她一次?My father has always gone to work by bike.我父亲一向骑车上班。

6.现在完成时的"完成用法"指的是动作发生在过去某一时刻并已结束。He has turned the light off .他已把灯关了。现在完成时"完成用法"的特点是动作不延续，因此，该时态只能与表示不定的过去时间状语(如：already，yet，before，recently等)、频度时间状语(如：never，ever等)、包括现在时刻在内的时间状语(如：this morning / month /year...，today等)连用。Have you found your pen?你已找到你的钢笔了吗?

7.现在完成时的"未完成用法"指的是动作开始于过去某一时刻，一直延续到现在，或可能还要继续下去。He has lived here since 1978.自从1978年以来，他一直住在这儿。(动作起始于1978年，一直住到现在，可能还要继续住下去。)I have been in the army for more than 5 years.我在部队已经呆了五年多了。(动作开始于5年前，一直延续至今，有可能还要继续下去。)此种用法的句中常需一个表示一段时间的状语(由since或for引导)，或表示与现在时刻相连的时间状语(如：up to now，so far)等。I have heard nothing from him up to now.到目前为止我没有他的任何消息。

注意：(1)现在完成时的未完成用法只适用于延续性动词，不可用于终止性动词，即瞬间完成或延续时间很短的动词。如：come，go，arrive，leave，join，become，die等。

8.现在完成时常和短语 "up to now /till now","so far"(意思是从过去某一确定的时间一直延续到现在)连用。Up to/till now he's read many story books.至今他已读过好多故事书。I've been to New York three times so far.至今我已到纽约去过三次。

has gone (to),has been (to),has been (in) 的区别

(1). have/ has been to 表示：曾经去过某地(已经回来了)，常用于第三人称，可与once ,never,several times等连用(2). have/ has gone to 表示：去了某地(还没有回来)They have been to Shanghai twice.他们去过上海两次。(已经回来了)She has gone to Shanghai.她去了上海(还没有回来)

(3). have been in表示“在某地呆了多少时间”，常与时间段状语连用I have been in Shanghai for three years.我到上海已有三年了。He has been in London for half a month.他来伦敦已有半个月了。

(4). have been on 表示“已经开始了多久 表示持续性”The film has been on for ten minutes.电影已经开始了10分钟了。

现在完成时误区提醒:

(1)如单纯表示一段时间，或强调一段时间，虽有since一词，也不必用完成时。It is two years since his father died. =His father has been dead for two years.他父亲去世已有三年了。

(2)终止性动词现在完成时的否定式，已变成一种可以延续的状态，因此可以和表示一段时间的状语连用。I haven't left here since 1997.自从1997年以来，我一直没有离开过这儿。

动词按其动作发生的方式，发生过程的长短可分为延续性动词与非延续性动词。

eg:

1. 延续性动词：表示能够延续的动作，也可以表示经验与经历.eg: learn, work, stand, lie, walk, sleep, keep, wait, watch, sing, read, stay, live…延续性动词可以与for 和 since 引导的时间状语连用：He has lived here for 6 years.(他在这儿住了六年了，一直住在这儿，live是延续性动词，并且很有可能继续居住下去)I have known her since then.(自从那时起我就认识她了，一直都认识，know是延续性动词)

eg:

2.非延续性动词：也成终止性动词或瞬间动词，表示不能延续的动作，这种动作发生后立即结束.eg: open, close, begin, finish, come, go, move, borrow, lend, buy, die…非延续性动词不能与for 和 since 引导的时间状语连用，常用的时间状语有 two years ago, at 5 o’clock, yesterday, the day before yesterday, this morning 等表示过去的时间.His grandmother died 10 years ago.She finished the work at 6 o’clock.

非延续性动词与延续性动词之间的转换(常用)

eg:

(1). 转化为相应的延续性动词，用于现在完成时态borrow → keepbuy → haveput on → wearget to know → knowget to sleep → sleepcatch a cold → have a cold

eg:

(2).转化为“ be+形容词/副词/介词/名词”begin/start → be ongo out → be outdie → be deadopen → be openget to/ arrive in(at)/reach → be in+地点leave → be away(from)finish → be overfall ill → be illget up → be upfall asleep → be asleepjoin → be in+活动/组织go to school → be in schoolbecome → be makefriends → be friendsclose → be closedgo to bed → be in bedcome/ go → be + 相应的介词短语

下面是句子的同义句转换（将原句一般过去时改成现在完成时）

1. The old man died four years ago.(一般过去时)The old man has been deadforfour years.(现在完成时，将die变为 be dead)The old man has been deadsince four years ago.(现在完成时，since跟过去的时间点)

2. I borrowed the book five days ago.I have kept the book for five days.I have kept the book since five days ago.

3. He bought the bike three years ago.He has had the bike for three years.He has had the bike since three years ago.

4. She went to school two days ago.She has been in school for two days.She has been in school since two days ago.

5. My sister became a nurse one year ago.My sister has been a nurse for one year.My sister has been a nurse since one year.

现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：

共同点：

现在完成时和一般过去时都表示一个在过去完成的动作。

区别：

①现在完成时强调的是与现在的关系，如对现在产生的结果或影响等，属于现在时范围，谈论的是现在的情况。而一般过去时只表示动作在过去某一时刻发生，不表示和现在的关系，现在情况可能已发生变化。Who opened the door?谁开的门?(只强调过去开门这一动作，门现在可能已关上。)Who has opened the door?谁把门开了?(强调门现在依然还开着。)

②现在完成时不能与明确的过去时间状语连用，如：three days ago, last year, yesterday, last Sunday, in 2008等等。如句中有以上这些明确的过去时间状语，应用一般过去时。再有，过去发生的一个动作，如现在情况已经发生的变化，也应用一般过去时。特别提醒：如果这些过去时间状语前有since，表示“自过去某一时间一直延续到现在”，应用现在完成时。He finished reading the book the day before yesterday.他前天读完了这本书。I put my ruler in my pencil-box, but I can’t find it now.我把尺子放到文具盒里了，但是我现在找不它了。My cousin has been in Nanjing since 2009.我的表弟从2009年起就呆在南京了。

③现在完成时不与when引导的特殊疑问句连用，when后只用一般过去时表示已发生的动作。但现在完成时可与where, why等疑问词连用。Where have you been?你去过哪里了?The train has left.火车已经驶离了。When did the train leave?火车什么时候驶离的?

④since引导的时间状语从句后面用一般过去时，只有前面的主句才用现在完成时。We have known each other since we came to the school two years ago.自从两年前来学校，我们就互相认识了。

⑤有些时间状语，如this morning, this month, tonight等，既可以与一般过去时连用，又可以与现在完成时连用，但内涵不同。与一般过去时连用时，表示与“现在”无关，时间已成为过去。而与现在完成时连用，则表示包括“现在”在内。I saw him this morning.时间已不在上午了。)I have seen him this morning.(说话时间还是上午。)He lived in New York for eight years.(他现在已经不在纽约住了。)

He has lived in New York for eight years.(他现在还在纽约居住。)

       编辑推荐：

       2024年中考各科目重点知识汇总