认识宾语和宾语从句

宾语：

放在实意动词之后的词，即为宾语。宾语可以由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词、短语来担任。

I like my teacher.(名词作宾语)

I enjoy playing basketball.(动名词作宾语)

I decide to study hard.(不定式作宾语)

I know him.(代词作宾语)

宾语从句：

置于动词、介词等词性后面起宾语作用的从句叫宾语从句。即在复合句中，由一个句子充当宾语，这个句子就叫做宾语从句。谓语动词、介词、动词不定式、v.-ing形式、部分形容词(如afraid, sure, glad等)后面都能带宾语从句。

宾语从句的基本结构及“三要素”

宾语从句就是由一个句子来构成主句的宾语，并有一个连接词引导。

宾语从句的“三要素”为：连接词、语序和时态。

1、宾语从句中引导词（连接词）

通常有：

连接代词：that, whether, if, who, whose, what, which等;

连接副词：when, where, how, why等。

2、宾语从句的语序为陈述语序。

无论主句是陈述句还是疑问句，宾语从句都必须使用陈述语序，即“主句+连词+宾语从句(主语+谓语+……)”句式。

3、宾语从句的时态应与主句时态保持一致。

1)当主句是一般现在时，从句任何时态都可以。根据想表达的使用。

The headmaster hopes everything goes well.

2)当主句是一般过去式，从句用相应的过去式。

She was sorry that she hadn't finished her work>3)当主句是过去时，从句表述客观事实时，从句时态用一般现在时。

The teacher told his class that light travels faster than sound.

宾语从句的具体用法

（一）that引导的宾语从句

1、当宾语从句是陈述句时(包括肯定句和否定句)，连词由that引导，因为that在从句中不作任何成分，也没有任何具体意思，因此在口语或非正式文体中常省略。

She says (that) she won't take part in the sports meeting.

He told me (that) he wouldgo to the college the next year.

2、主句为动词be加某些形容词(如sorry, sure, afraid, glad等)作表语时，后面所跟的省略that的从句也是宾语从句。

I'm sorry (that) I don’t know.

We're sure (that) our team will win.

I’m afraid (that) he won't pass the exam.

3、宾语从句的否定转移

当主句谓语动词是think, believe, suppose, expect等词，而宾语从句的意思是否定时，常把否定转移至主句表示。

I don't think it is right for him to treat you like that.

我认为他这样的对待你是不对的。

4、主句的谓语动词是think, believe, imagine, suppose, consider, expect, fancy, guess等，并且主句的主语是第一人称，而且为一般现在时，从句的否定词一般要转移到主句上来，其反义疑问句一般与宾语从句一致。

I don'tbelieve that man is killed by Jim,is he?

我认为那个人不是Jim所杀的，是不是?

I expect our English teacher will be back this weekend, won't she/he?

我期待我们的英语老师这个周末能回来，会吗?

We suppose you have finished the project, haven't you?

我们猜测你已经完成了这个项目，是吗?

5、如果宾语从句中有某个含有否定意义的形容词或副词(不包含带有否定前缀的词，如：unhappy，unfair，dislike等),其反义疑问句要用肯定形式。

We find that he never listens to the teacher carefully, does he?

我们发现他从不仔细听老师讲课，是不是?

6、当主句的主语是第二、三人称时，其反义疑问句一般与主句保持一致。

Your sister supposes she needs no help, doesn't she?

You thought they could have completed the project, didn't you?

They don't believe she's an engineer, do they?

She doesn't expect that we are coming so soon, does she?

7、that不可以省略的情况：

1)当句中的动词后接多于两个由that引导的宾语从句时，第一个that可省，但后面的that不可省。

I believe (that) you have done your best and that things will get better.

2)当主句的谓语动词与that宾语从句之间有插入语时，that一般不可省。

Just then I noticed, for the first time, that our master was wearing his fine green coat and his black silk cap.

3)当that从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时，that不可省。

I can’t tell him that his mother died.

4)当it作形式宾语时。

She made it clear that she had nothing to do with him.

许多带复合宾语的句子，that引导的宾语从句经常移到句子后部，而用it作形式宾语。

5)当宾语从句前置时。

That our team will win,I believe.

6)当that作learn, suggest, explain, agree, wonder, prove, mean, state, feel, hold等动词的宾语时，that不可省略。

（二）由whether,if引导的宾语从句

当由一般疑问句充当宾语从句时，从句用if或whether引导，意为“是否”。如：

I don't know.Doeshe still live here after so many years?

-I don't know if/whether he still lives here after so many years.

但在下列情况下只能用whether，不能用if：

①在具有选择意义，又有or或or not时，尤其是直接与or not连用时，往往用whether(if…or not也可以使用)。如：

Let me know whether/if he will come or not.

(=Let me know whether or not he will come.)

让我知道他是否能来。

I don't know whether/if he does any washing or not.

(=I don't know whether or not he does any washing.)

我不知道他洗不洗衣服。

I wonder whether we stay or whether wego.

我不知道我们是去还是留。

②在介词之后用whether。如：

I'm interested in whether he likes English.

我关心的是他是否喜欢英语。

We're thinking about whether we can finish the work>我们正在考虑是否能按时完成这项工作。

③在不定式前用whether。如：

He hasn't decided whether to visit the old man.

他尚未决定是否拜访那位老人。

He hasn't decided whether to go by bus or by train.

他还未决定是乘公共汽车去还是坐火车去。

④whether置于句首时，不能换用if。如：

Whether this is true or not,I can't say.

这是否真的我说不上来。

⑤引导主语从句和表语从句时宜用whether。如：

Whether she will come or not is still a question.

她是否能来还是个问题。

⑥若用if会引起歧义时，则用whether。如：

Please let me know if you like the book. 可理解为：

If you like the book, please let me know. 你如果喜欢这本书，请告诉我。

只能用if不能用whether引导的宾语从句：

①if引导条件状语从句，意为“如果”。

The students will go>

②if引导否定概念的宾语从句时。

He asked if I didn't come to school yesterday.

③引导状语从句even if(即使)和as if(好像)时。

He talks as if he has known all about it.

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