连词是一种在句子与句子之间，短语之间以及名词等其他词语之间起连接作用的虚词，它不能单独作句子的成份。按其意义可分为并列连词和从属连词两大类。

并列连词连接的双方是对等的。

常有的并列连词有and, both…and, either…or, neither…nor， not only…but also, as well as等。但如果连接的两部分意义不趋向一致，意义有转折的并列连词有：but, however, while (而)，only (只不过)。还有表示选择关系的并列连词，如：or, or else, otherwise… 再有的是连接双方，互为因果，或表示前因后果的连词有：for, so, therefore (因此)，then等。

从属连词在初中范围内常常用来连接名词性从句，如：that, if, whether, 其次用来连接状语从句。其中有原因状语从句，常用的连接词有：when while, as, since, before, after, once, as soon as, until, till 连接条件状语的连词有：if, unless, as long as 等，而原因状语的连接词有because, since, as, now that (既然)。目的、结果、方式、比较、地点等状语从句的连接词有：so that, so…that, such…that, as…as, than, where… 它们在句子与文章中几乎无处不见。

具体用法见下表。

连词用法一览表

种类

功用

例句

并列连词

连接具有并列关系的

词

He knows neither English nor French.

短语

Are you going by bus or on foot?

分句

Mary was a good girl, but she had one shortcoming.

从属连词

引导：

状语从句

I'll do it as you told me.

You will be late unless you hurry.

连接代词和连接副词

主语从句

What he said proved true.

When we'll start has not been decided yet.

表语从句

This is why he didn't come yesterday.

That is where he lives.

宾语从句

The man asked me which I liked best.

I can't understand why she is so late.

关系代词和关系副词

定语从句

Nicotine is a drug that gets one into the habit of smoking.

He came last night when I was out.

The 1st period

1.并列连词引导两个并列的句子。

1)　and 与or

判断改错：

(错) They sat down and talk about something.

(错) They started to dance and sang.

(错) I saw two men sitting behind and whisper there.

(对) They sat down and talked about something.

(对) They started to dance and sing.

(对)I saw two men sitting behind and whispering there.

解析：

第一句：and 连接两个并列的谓语，所以 talk 应改为 talked。

第二句：and 连接两个并列的动词不定式，第二个不定式往往省略to，因此sang 应改为 sing。

第三句：and 连接感观动词saw 后面的用作的宾补的两个并列分词结构，因此whisper应改为whispering。

注意：and 还可以和祈使句或名词词组连用表示条件。(or也有此用法)

Make up your mind, and you'll get the chance.

= If you make up your mind, you'll get the chance.

One more effort, and you'll succeed.

= If you make one more effort, you'll succeed.

2)　both …and　两者都

She plays (both) the piano and the guitar.

3)　not only…but (also), as well as不但…而且)

She plays not only the piano, but (also) the guitar.

注意：not only… but also 关联两个分句时，一个分句因有否定词not 而必须倒装。

Not only does he like reading stories, but also he can even write some.

4)　neithe…nor 意思为"既不……也不……"谓语动词采用就近原则，与nor后的词保持一致。

Neither you nor he is to blame.

2 比较and和or

1) 并列结构中，or通常用于否定句，and用于肯定句。

2) 但有时and 也可用于否定句。请注意其不同特点：

There is no air or water in the moon.

There is no air and no water on the moon.

在否定中并列结构用or 连接，但含有两个否定词的句子实际被看作是肯定结构，因此要用and。

典型例题

---I don't like chicken ___ fish.

---I don't like chicken, ___ I like fish very much.

A. and;and　 B. and;but　C. or;but　D. or;and

答案C。否定句中表并列用or, but 表转折。

判断改错：

(错) We will die without air and water.

(错) We can't live without air or water.

(对) We will die without air or water.

(对) We can't live without air and water.

3 表示选择的并列结构

1) or　意思为"否则"。

I must work hard, or I'll fail in the exam.

2) either…or　意思为"或者……或者……"。注意谓语动词采用就近原则。

Either you or I am right.

The 2nd period

4 表示转折或对比

1) but表示转折，while表示对比。

Some people love cats, while others hate them.

典型例题

--- Would you like to come to dinner tonight?

--- I'd like to, ___ I'm too busy.

A. and　 B. so　 C. as　 D. but

答案D。but与前面形成转折，符合语意。而表并列的and，结果的so，原因的as都不符合句意。

2) not…but… 意思为"不是……而是……"

not 和but 后面的用词要遵循一致原则。

They were not the bones of an animal, but (the bones) of a human being.

5 表原因关系

1) for

判断改错：

(错) For he is ill, he is absent today.

(对) He is absent today, for he is ill.

for是并列连词，不能置于含两个并列分句的句子的句首，只能将其放在两个分句中间。

2) so, therefore

He hurt his leg, so he couldn't play in the game.

注意：

a. 两个并列连词不能连用，但therefore, then, yet.可以和并列连词连用。

You can watch TV, and or you can go to bed.

He hurt his leg, and so / and therefore he couldn't play in the game.

b. although… yet…，但although不与 but连用。

(错)　Although he was weak, but he tried his best to do the work..

(对)　Although he was weak, yet he tried his best to do the work.

6 比较so和 such

其规律由so与such的不同词性决定。such 是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组，so是副词，只能修饰形容词或副

词。so 还可与表示数量的形容词many，few，much， little连用，形成固定搭配。

so + adj.　　　　　　　　　such + a(n) + n.

so + adj. + a(n) + n.　　　such + n. (pl.)

so + adj. + n. (pl.)　　　 such +n. (pl.)

so + adj. + n. [不可数]　　such +n. [不可数]

so foolish　　　　　　　　 such a fool

so nice a flower　　　　　 such a nice flower

so many/ few flowers　　　 such nice flowers

so much/little money.　　　such rapid progress

so many people　　　　　　 such a lot of people

so many 已成固定搭配，a lot of 虽相当于 many，但 a lot of 为名词性的，只能用such搭配。

so…that与such…that之间的转换既为 so与such之间的转换。

Eg :The MP3 cost me ________ money that I ccouldn't afford to buy it .

A .so much .B .such much C .so many

D . such many .(Key :A )

注意:too .... to .. ,so ..... that .... , such .... that .... , enough ..... to ...., 的互换.

so that to = in order to /that 的用法.

Eg A .He is too young to go to school.

B .He is ____ a young boy _____ he ____ go to school .

C .He is ____ young ____ he ____ go to school .

D .He isn't ______ _______ ______ go to school (Keys :B :such , that , can't C :so ,that ,can't .D : old ,enough to )

要注意“简单句与复合句的变化”。

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