要点六：连词的分类

1、按连词的构成可将其分为以下几类：1)简单连词，如and, if, or, because, but, so2)关联连词，如both … and …, not … but …, not only … but also …3)分词连词，如supposing, providing, provided, given4)短语连词，如as if / through, even if / through, as / so long as1并列连词，如and, but, or, nor, so, for, as well as, while, when, not only … but also …, both … and …, either … or …, neither … nor, therefore, yet, nevertheless, however等。它们用来连接平行的词、词组或分句。2从属连词，如after, when, before, as, while, since, until, till, although, though, if, even if, unless, lest, because, than, that, whether, so that, as soon as, as long as, in order that, as though, suppose (that), provided (that), in case (that), now (that), on condition (that), seeing that, so … that, such … that, as … as, so …as等。它们用来引导从句。在通常情况下，在肯定句中用and，相应的否定句中则用or。如：He has brothers and sisters.

他有兄弟姐妹。He has no brothers or sisters.他既没有兄弟也没有姐妹。They sang and danced.

他们既唱歌又跳舞(即载歌载舞)。They didn’t sing or dance.

他们既没有唱歌也没有跳舞。但是，在某些特殊情况下，即使是否定句也得用and。如：Drivers must not drink and drive.

司机不准酒后驾车。若将此句中的and改为or，反而不合理了：Drivers must not drink or drive.

司机不准开车或饮酒。又如，汉语中有个成语叫“鱼和熊掌不可兼得”，译成英语是can’t have one’s cake and eat it，在该否定结构中也应用and，不用or，否则不合情理：You want a regular income but don’t want to work. Don’t forget: you can’t have your cake and eat it!

你既想有稳定的收入，又不想工作。别忘了，鱼和熊掌不可兼得呀!2. and和or在祈使句中的用法比较and和or均可用于祈使句后表示结果(即暗示后面的陈述句为前面祈使句的结果)，注意两者意思不同：and意为“那么”，or意为“否则”。如：Study hard, and you will pass the exam.

努力学习，你考试会及格的。Study hard, or you will fail the exam.

努力学习，否则你考试会不及格。这类结构通常可转换成含条件状语从句的复合句，如上面两句可改写成：If you study hard, you will pass the exam.

你若努力学习，考试会及格的。If you don’t study hard, you will fail the exam.

你若不努力学习，考试会不及格。注意，由于or的意思是“否则”，所以当它前面的祈使句改写成条件状语从句时，谓语动词要用否定式。又如：Hurry up, or you’ll be late.

快点，否则你就要迟到了。=If you don’t hurry, you’ll be late.

要点八：并列连词but的用法归纳

你若不快点，你就要迟到了。but一词既可作连词、介词、副词用，又有一些习惯搭配和固定用法，这里对but做连词用法做一归纳。。例如：Our school is small but beautiful.

我们学校虽然小但很漂亮。(连接两个形容词，意思相对)The car is very old but it runs very fast.

虽然小汽车旧了，但跑得很快。She is young but very experienced.

她虽然年轻但经验丰富。It was a sunny but not very warm day.

那一天天气晴朗，却不太暖和。He drives not carefully but slowly.

2、并列连词but用于not…but结构，意为“不是……而是”

他开车不是很小心，而是开得很慢。按英语习惯，表示转折的but不能与表示让步的though或although套用，如：他们虽是孪生，但是相貌却完全不同。误：Although they are twins, but they look entirely different.正：They are twins, but they look entirely different.正：Although they are twins, they look entirely different.。例如：What I want is not this one, but that one.

我想要的不是这个，而是那个。Bamboo is not a tree, but a kind of grass.

竹不是一种树，而是一种草。Travel to the moon is not a dream but an actual happening.

3、用于excuse me, I'm sorry表示歉意的话语之后，表示谢绝或不赞成

登月旅行已不是梦想而是现实事情了。。例如：I'm sorry, but I disagree with you.

对不起，我不同意你的意见。Sorry, but we're behind schedule.

抱歉，我们落在计划后了。I'm frightfully sorry, but I can't see you today.

太对不起了，我今天不能见你。Excuse me, but I don't think that's quite true.

4、用于两个并列的分句之间

很抱歉，我认为这与事实略有出入。，例如：This isn't a good one but it will answer.

这不太好，但可以将就用。He looks honest, but actually he's a rogue.

他看起来很老实，实际他是一个坏蛋。She has had no answer to him but he gave no answer.

我向他说了早上好，但他没有回应。The ice remained, but there was no water underneath.

冰还在，但下面却没有水。Mrs. Brown was about to begin, but Jennie spoke first.

布朗夫人正要开始讲话，珍妮先讲了。At first he was a little shy, but now he acts more natural.

开始时他有些腼腆但现在他表现得很自然了。There was a little trouble at first, but things were soon quiet.

5、并列连词but有时可用于表示异议、惊奇或吃惊等

起初有点小麻烦后来情况就平静了。。如：“I'm getting married.” “But that's wonderful!”

6、并列连词but用于否定词语(尤其是never，有时也可能是not, no, hardly等)后，表示without the result that...或without it also being the case that...，其意为“而不产生…的结果；而不同时也…”，结合其前的否定词通常译为“一…就”“每…都会”“一…总会”“没有…而不”。

“我快要结婚了。”“啊，那太好了!”如：It never rains but it pours.

不雨则已，一雨倾盆(指事情不发生则已，一旦发生则接踵而至，有时译为“祸不单行”)。

You cannot look into the index but you will find the word.

你一查索引，就可以找到那个词。

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