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2023年初中英语语法归纳:宾语从句

2023-07-08 20:48:41佚名

一、概述

宾语从句是主从复合句的一种。主从复合句是由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的。主句是复合句的主体,从句仅仅是主句的一个成分,它从属于主句,不能独立。从句在全句中充当什么成分,就叫什么从句。宾语从句当中的从句在全句中作宾语。简单句She knew the teacher(宾语)复合句She knew that the teacher hadseen the film.(宾从)

二、宾语从句

1

语序

无论主句是陈述句还是疑问句,宾语从句都必须使用陈述语序,即“主句+连词+宾语从句(主语+谓语+……)”句式。根据连接词在从句中所担任的不同成分,可分为以下四种:

1)连接词+谓语。连接词在从句中作主语。常见的连接词有:who,what,which等。如:

Could you tell me who knows theanswer,please?你能告诉我谁知道答案吗?

The small children don't knowwhat is in their stockings.这些小孩子不知道袜子里有什么东西.

I don't know which belongs tomy father.

2)连接词+名词+谓语。连接词在从句中作主语的定语。常见的连接词有:whose,what,which,how many,how much等。如:

He asked whose handwriting wasthe best in our class.他问我们班上谁的书法最好。

The teacher asked us how manypeople there were in the room.老师问我们房间里有多少人。

3)连接词+主语+谓语。连接词在从句中作宾语、状语或表语。常见的连接词有:who(m),what,which, how many, how much,when, why, how, where, if /whether(在句中不充当任何成分)。如:

He hasn't decided if he'll goon a trip to Wuxi.他还没决定是否去无锡旅行。

Could you tell me what I shoulddo with the money ?你能告诉我我如何处理这笔钱吗?

4)连接词+名词+主语+谓语。连接词在从句中作宾语或表语的定语。常见的连接词有:what,which,how many,how much,how等。如:

Do you know which class he isin ?你知道他在哪个班吗?

She asked me if I knew whosepen it was.她问我是否知道这是谁的钢笔。

2

连接词

1)当由陈述句充当宾语从句时,用that引导,that无词义,在口语或非正式文体中常省略。如:

He said that he could finishhis work before supper.他说他会在晚饭前完成工作。

2)当由一般疑问句充当宾语从句时,用if或whether引导,意为“是否”。如:

I don't know if /whether hestill lives here after so many years.

但在下列情况下只能用whether:

①在具有选择意义,又有or或or not时,尤其是直接与or not连用时,往往用whether(if…or not也可以使用)。如:

Let me know whether /if he willcome or not.(=Let me know whethe or not he will come)

I don't know whether/if he doesany washing or not.(=I don't know whether or not he does any washing.

I wonder whether we stay orwhether we go

②在介词之后用whether。

如I'm interested in whether helikes English.我关心的是他是否喜欢英语。

We're thinking about whether wecan finish the work on time.

I worry about whether I hurther feelings.我担心是否伤了她的感情。

③在不定式前用whether。如:

He hasn't decided whether tovisit the old man.他尚未决定是否拜访那位老人。

I don't know whether to go.我不知去否。

He hasn't decided whether to goby bus or by train.他还未决定是乘公共汽车去还是坐火车去。

④whether置于句首时,不能换用if。如:

Whether this is true or not,I can't say.这是否真的我说不上来。

⑤引导主语从句和表语从句时宜用whether。如:

Whether she will come or not isstill a question.她是否能来还是个问题。

The question is whether we cancatch the bus.问题是我们能否赶上公共汽车。

⑥若用if会引起歧义时,则用whether。如:

Please let me know if you likethe book.可理解为:a. Please let me know whether you like the book.请告诉我你是否喜欢这本书。B. If you like the book, pleaselet me know.你如果喜欢这本书,请告诉我。

3)如果宾语从句原来是特殊疑问句,只需用原来的特殊疑问词引导。如:

Could you tell me why you werelate for the meeting this morning?

3

时态

含宾语从句的复合句,主、从句谓语动词的时态呼应应包括以下三点内容:

1)如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时,从句的谓语动词可根据需要,选用相应的任何时态。如:

I don't know when he will comeback.我不知道他将何时回来。

He tells me that his sistercame back yesterday.他告诉我他姐姐昨天回来了。

2)如果主句的谓语动词是过去时,宾语从句的谓语动词只可根据需要,选用过去时态即一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时或过去完成时的某一种形式。如:

①The children didn't know who hewas.孩子们不知道他是谁。

②He asked his father how ithappened.他问他父亲这件事是如何发生的。

3)如果宾语从句所表示的是客观事实、普遍真理、自然现象或习惯性动作等,不管主句用什么时态,从句时态都用一般现在时。如:

The teacher said that the earthgoes round the sun.老师说地球绕着太阳转。

4

注意:

if和when既可以引导宾语从句,也可以引导状语从句,应注意它们在两种从句中的意思和用法的不同。if和when引导宾语从句时,分别意为“是否”和“何时”,其时态应和主句时态相呼应;它们引导状语从句时,意思分别为“如果,假如”和“当……时候”,当主句时态是一般将来时时,其时态用一般现在时。它们常常放在含有状语从句和宾语从句的题干中进行综合考查。如:

—Do you know when he will comeback tomorrow ?你知道他明天什么时候回来吗?

—Sorry, I don't know. When hecomes back, I'll tell you.对不起,不知道。当他回来了,我将告诉你。

—I don't know if he will come.我不知道他是否会来。

—He will come if it doesn'train.如果不下雨,他会来的。

宾语从句的复合句转化为简单句(六种方法),使其与原句意思相同(或相近)的试题。

方法一:

当主句谓语动词是hope,decide,wish,choose,agree,promise(和主观决定有关)等,且宾语从句的主语与主句主语一致时,宾语从句可简化为不定式结构。例如:

Li Ming hopes he will be backvery soon. →Li Ming hopes to be back very soon.

We decided that we would helphim. →We decided to help him.

方法二:

当主句谓语动词是know,learn,remember,forget,tell(和记忆认知有关)等动词,且主句主语与从句主语一致时,宾语从句可简化为“疑问词+不定式”结构。例如:

She has forgotten how she canopen the window. →She has forgotten how to open the window.

注:

当主句谓语动词是tell,ask,show,teach等动词,且后带双宾语,从句主语和间接宾语一致时,宾语从句可简化为“疑问词+不定式”结构。例如:

Could you tell me how I can getto the station? →Could you tell me how to get to the station?

方法三:

当主句的谓语动词是order(命令),require(需要)等时,如果主句和从句的主语不一致,宾语从句可简化为“名词(代词)+不定式”结构。例如:The headmaster ordered that weshould start at once. → The headmaster ordered us to start at once.

方法四:

某些动词后的宾语从句,可以用介词加动名词(短语)等其他形式简化。例如:

He insisted that he should gowith us. →He insisted on going with us.

The poor boy doesn’t know whenand where he was born. →The poor boy doesn’t know the time and the place of hisbirth.

方法五:

某些动词后面的宾语从句可转化为“宾语+V-ing形式(作宾语补足语)”结构。例如:Liu Ping found that there was awallet lying on the ground. → Liu Ping found a wallet lying on the ground.

方法六:

动词seem后的宾语从句,也可以用不定式(短语)来简化,但句型需要进行适当的变化。例如:It seemed that the boys weregoing to win. →The boys seemed to win.

除上述方法外,还有一些特殊句式的转化。例如:

I found that it was difficultto learn English well. →I found it difficult to learn English well.

Soon we found that the groundwas covered with thick snow. →Soon we found the ground covered with thick snow.

They found that the box wasvery heavy. →They found the box very heavy

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