2023年初中英语中考必考语法重点--代词
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英语语法最最基础的就是词性,没词性,无语法
分类:词类又叫词性,英语单词根据其在句子中的功用,可以分成十个大类。
1.名词noun缩写n。如:student学生
2.代词pronoun缩写pron.如:you你(人称)our我们的(物主)
3.形容词adjective缩写adj.如:happy高兴的 常做表语定语补语
4.副词adverb缩写adv.如:quickly迅速地 作用:修饰动词/句子
5.动词verb缩写v.如:cut砍、割kick替hit打
6.数词numeral缩写num.如:three三
7.冠词article缩写art.分:定冠词the和不定冠词a/an
8.介词preposition prep.如:at在... in在...里 on under等
9.连词conjunction conj.如:and和but但是or否则 等
10.感叹词interjection interj.如:oh哦yeah aha等等
前六类叫实词,后四类叫虚词
虚词也称为结构词或封闭类词包括:代词、介词、连词、助动词、情态动词和限定词(如this,that等)。虚词有些没有完整的词汇意义,但有语法意义和功能;虚词数量有限,比较稳定,很少增生
代词(pronoun)
一、定义:主要用来代替名词行使语法功能的一类词,也用来代替起名词作用的短语、句子。代词数量有限,但使用十分广泛。例如
Don' t look at Linda,sheis too shy.(she代替名词Linda)
Don’t pick that flower,itis so beautiful(it代替名词flower)
二、种类:英语中的代词一般可分为九大类,
①人称代词(Personal Pronoun)I you, he, she. it, we, you, they等
②物主代词(Possessive Pronouns)
形容词性:my,our your his her its your Their等
名词性:mine yours his hers ours yours theirs等
③反身代词(Reflexive Pronouns)myself himself等(初中英语李老师:15191416900(同微)
④指示代词(Demonstrative Pronouns)目前记住4个this that these those
⑤不定代词(definite Pronouns)some somebody someone something everything everyone everybody anything anyone nothing none=no one,another other few little any, anything, any body等比较多
⑥疑问代词(interrogative Pronouns))what who,whom;whose,which,
⑦相互代词(Reciprocal Pronouns):each other,one another
⑧关系代词(Relative Pronouns)who, whom, whose, which. That等
⑨连接代词(Conjunctive Pronouns))who,whom,whose,which,what
一、人称代词:人称代词代替人和事物的名称,分为主格和宾格两种形式。
表示我(们)你(们)它(们)这些词有数
人称代词就是指
二、
|
代词 |
单复数 |
人称代词 |
物主代词
|
反身代词 |
||
|
主格 |
宾格 |
形容词性 |
名词性 |
|||
|
第一人称 |
单数 |
I |
Me |
My |
mine |
Myself我自己 |
|
复数 |
We |
us |
Our |
ours |
Ourselves我们自己 |
|
|
第二人称 |
单数 |
You |
you |
Your |
yours |
Yourself你自己 |
|
复数 |
You |
you |
Your |
yours |
Yourselves你们自己 |
|
|
第三人称 |
单数 |
He/She/It |
Him/her/it |
His/her/its |
his/hers/its |
Himself/herself/itself |
|
复数 |
They |
them |
Their |
theirs |
Themselves他们自己 |
|
人称代词有主格宾格之分(主语和宾语跟汉语主语宾语一致),主格就是做主语的时候使用,
如:I/we/they like playing tennis (I/we/they做主语)
宾格就是用来作及物动词或者介词的宾语宾语的时候用
如:She teaches you/me/us English this summer(you做teach的宾语)
人称代词需要注意:(初高中英语李老师:15191416900(同微)
1.三个不同人称同时出现,或者主语中包含“我”时,按照“you→he→I”的顺序表达。如:Both he and Iare working hard–Who will go there?–You and me.(你和我)
替代作主语或者宾语的不定式、动名词或者名词性从句
2.人称代词it用法很多,可以指人指物之外,还可以表示“时间、天气、温度、距离、情况”等含义,。
如:--What’s the weather like today? —It’s fine.
--What’s the time?(几点啦?) –It’s 12:00.(12点) /
It is +adj+to do sth It is very easy to get there
It takes Sb some time to do sth It takes him three days to clean his house.
人称代词用在不同的位置就必须用它不同的形式
物主代词物主两个字意思就是物品的主人,物品所属于谁“谁的 谁谁的”我的、你的、它的这种。
形容词性物主代词
物主代词分跟
形容词性
来共同组成一个成份
名词性物主代词它就相当于一个名词可以自己独立的做一种成分
物主代词需要注意:
1、形容词性物主代词只能作句子中名词的修饰语,后面要跟名词。如:
your
Is thatbook? name is Lucy They arebooks.
2、名词性物主代词相当于名词,既代替事物又表明所属关系,在句子中可以作主语、宾语或表语,后面不可以跟名词,一般情况下有上下文语境,如:
mine==my cup
This is your cup,but where is?
ours
Your classroom is very big, butis rather small.
三、指示代词:指示说明近处或远处、上文或下文、以前或现在的人或事物。
目前学了四个指示代词:this that these those,还有such,same等
This(单数)these(复数)指时间和空间离说话人较近的人或物,可以与here连用
That(单数)those(复数)指时间和空间离说话人较远的人或物,可以与there连用
指示代词用法:
(1)this、that、these、those在句子中作主语、宾语、表语或定语。
(2)such “这样的”在句子中作定语或主语。such a这样一个,such as像…这样的。
(3)same可作定语、表语、主语和宾语。
例如:1.That is our English teacher. (主语) 2.This storybook is thicker than that one. (定语)
3.I prefer this (these) to that (those). (宾语)
4.I have never read such an exciting book. (定语)5.We were born on the same day. (定语)
注意:(1)打电话或其他场合,本人这一方用this或these.反之用that或those。
(2)such作定语时,如名词前有不定冠词,把such置于不定冠词之前。
如:she is such a beautiful girl/he is such a clever boy
(3)在same之前必须加冠词the。
四、反身代词:用于所强调的动作与动作执行者的关系。作表语宾语和同位语
反身代词首先它是代词,代词里专门指””谁谁谁自己”。反身代词与它所指代的名词或代词形成互指关系,在人称、性、数上保持一致。(初高中英语李老师:15191416900(同微)
My-myself我自己we--ourselves我们自己 you-yourself(yourselves)itself等等
反身代词作用:
1、反身代词在句子中作宾语表示一个动作回到该动作执行者本身。如:
Don’t play with the knife, you might hurt yourself.
2、在句子中作同位语表示强调(即用来强调名词或代词的语气)。如:
The story itself is good.故事本身是好的
五、不定代词:代替或修饰不特指的人或事物的代词叫不定代词。
一、概念
不定代词(Indefinite Pronouns):不指明代替任何特定名次或形容词的代词叫不定代词。
分类:不定代词分为:复合不定代词和不定代词
复合不定代词:
是指由:some、any、every、no + thing/body/one构成,一共有12个
复合不定代词3个考点:
1:复合不定代词做主语时,谓语动词用单三形式(+s)
2:肯定句中常用含some的不定代词,否定句和疑问句中常用含any的不定代词。
注:当希望得到对方的肯定回答时,some可用在表示请求要求的疑问句中
如:would you please give me another cake?
3:当有定语成分(初中阶段多为形容词)修饰复合不定代词时,定语成分需要后置(形容词需放在不定代词后)
小总结:复合不定代词:由any一些,任何/some一些/every每个,所有的/no无+thing body one构成
1.复合不定代词做主语时,谓语动词用第三人称单数(如一般现在时时,谓语动词+s)
2.不定代词若有定语(初二多见于形容词作定语修饰不定代词)修饰时,定语需放在不定代词的后面
3.some用在肯定句中,any用于否定句和一般疑问句中,但有一个例外(some可用于疑问句中)
当表示邀请请求,需要得到对方肯定回答时some可用于疑问句中,如:
Would you like something to drink?你想要喝点什么吗?本句话表示希望对方喝点东西,所以可以用some
复合不定副词:
是指由some、any、every、no + where构成,一共有4个,这4个复合不定副词有以上考点2和3
不定代词用法及区别如下:
1. some/anysome(一些,某)一般用于肯定句中.any(一些,任何)多用于疑问句和否定句
习题:There aretrees in front of the house.Do you haveproblems?
2.many/much
many后跟可数名词的复数形式。much后跟不可数名词。
常见考试时候会和too搭配:
如:too many/too much这两个短语的区别也是many和much的区别,too是一个程度副词起修饰作用,重点单词还是many和much。
如:常见的还有too much和much too的辨析,同理重点单词还是看后面too much重点单词为much后跟不可数名词,much too重点单词为too,它是一个程度副词后面需要跟adj/adv
习题:there israin these days。There arestudents here。 Mr.Li isfat
3.Both/all的区别
Both用于两者之间“两者都”,both常和and连用,做主语时谓语动词用复数
all用于三者及三者以上“所有人”all作主语时,谓语动词单复数由all后所跟名词单复数决定
习题用(be动词)填空:
1.both you and Iinterested in the story 2.both the studentsworking hard
3.all the waterused out 4.all the applesred
4.another/other(初高中英语李老师:15191416900(同微)
(1)another区别 泛指三个或三个以上中的另一个,I don’t want this book. Please show me another.
(2)one ...the other
1).特指两个中的另一个They have two sons. One is a teacher, the other is a doctor.
2).修饰名词,特指(两者间)另一个、另一些Jim likes swimming, and the other boys like swimming, too.
(3)others泛指其他的人或物He often helps others. Some are singing, others are dancing.
(4)the others特指确定范围内剩下的全部人或物
There are 45 students in our class. 25 are girls,the othersare boys.
5.few, a few, little, a little
|
几乎没有,强调“无”否定 |
有一点,强调“有”肯定 |
|
|
修饰不可数名词 |
little |
a little |
|
修饰可数名词 |
few |
a few |
如:She knows little English. There is a little milk in the bottle
few和little与quite或only连用时,常加不定冠词a
There arequite a fewbooks in the library.图书馆里有很多书。
6.every/each
every+单数名词,表示“每一个”,强调整体,只作定语,形式上为单数.Every child likes playing football.
each表示“每一个”,强调个体,作定语主语、宾语和同位语,常与of连用
Each student was asked to try again. Each of them has a nice cap.
7.all / none
all表示三者或三者以上,作同位语时,一般放在连系动词,助动词之后,行为动词之前
We are all from China. They all like English.
none“没有”,表示三者或三者以上都不,后常跟介词of(谓语动词单、复数均可)
None of them is/are afraid of dogs.
8.both, either, neither(初高中英语李老师:15191416900(同微)
both“(两者)都”,作主语时视为复数;作定语时后跟名词复数
His parents are both teachers=Both of his parents are teachers.
either(两者之中)任一、任何一个”作主语时谓语用第三人称单数;作定语时后跟名词单数形式
Either of the games is popular with the kids.(主语)两个游戏随便哪一个都受到孩子们的欢迎。
We can park on either side of the road here.(定语)在这里马路的哪边都可以停车。
neither“(两者)都不”,含有否定意义,作主语时谓语用第三人称单数;作定语时后跟名词单数
Neither answer is right.
常见不定代词短语
1.both of/either of/neither of
Both of them sing well.他们俩都唱得很好。
Either of you goes to the movies.你们俩随便谁去看电影都可以。
Neither of them stopped to have a rest.他们俩谁都不停下来休息。
2.Both...and谓语动词用复数形式Both Tom and Lucy are in Grade 8. Tom和Lucy都在八年级。
3.either…or/neither...nor谓语动词遵循就近一致原则
Either my father or my mother cooks at home.或者我爸爸或者我妈妈在家做饭。
Neither he nor I am free today.我和他今天都没空。
So/neither+倒装句结构(初二下册):
倒装句结构是指“so/neither +be/助动词/情态动词+主语”
当表达某人“有和前面一样的情况时”用“so+情系助+主语”倒装句结构
1.so:前面句子是肯定句,指前面所说的肯定情况适用于其他人或物:如:I can speak English. So can he.
2.结构为:so+be/助动词/情态动词+主语.如:You say he works hard; So he does, and so do you.
当表达某人“有和前面不一样的情况时”用“neither++情系助+主语”倒装句结构
1.neither:前面句子是否定句,指前面所说的情况不适用其他人或物.如:I don't know him Neither does she.
2.结构为:neither+be/助动词/情态动词+主语.如:The boy was not in the room. Neither was his father
习题:
1.He can ride a bike, soI. 2. She has been to New York .SoI.
3. Tom doesn’t like bananas. Neitherhis wife. 4. If you won’t go, neitherI.
5. He is a teacher and sohis wife.
单项选择题:
1.of his parents have been to America.A. All B. BothC. Every D. Either
2. Tom, here are 2 seats, you can sit on.A. both B. either C. all D. every
3.-I wassoexcitedthatI can`t say.A.nothing B.anything C.something D.everything
4.-Would you like some juice or coffee?- ____ , I`d like some tea.
A.Both B.None C.Neither D.Either
5. He hastoeat.Pleasegive him.
A.something,anythingB.nothing,somethingC.nothing,everything D.anything,nothing
6. –Is therein the bag?– No, thereisinit, It’sempty.
A.something; nothing B.nothing; something C.anything; nothing D.nothing; anything
7.ofthemhasmoney,soIhave toaskathirdfriendforhelp.A.NeitherB.EitherC.Both D.No
六、疑问代词用来提问题的代词称为疑问代词。what who whom whose which等
1、who、whom、whose、what、which、whoever、whatever、whichever主要用于特殊疑问句中,一般放在句首。口语中也常用who代替whom作宾语,但在介词后则只能用whom。
如:What is your name?Who can help me?Who(m) did you invite to your birthday party?
What does she want to be when she grows up?(她长大了想干什么?)
2、what可以与名词构成疑问短语。(初高中英语李老师:15191416900(同微)
如:what time do you get up?What colour are their hats?
注意这个提问:The man in the car is my father.(车里的男人是我父亲)
→Which man is your father?(哪个男人是你的父亲?)
3、疑问代词不分单复数,视它所替代的人或事物决定单复数,但是通常用单数;如果修饰名词,则以名词的单复数为准。如:Who is (are) in that playhouse?(谁在游戏房里?) / What is that? (那是什么?)/ What are those? (那些是什么?) / What colors do they have?(它们有哪些颜色?
相互代词:表示相互关系的词叫相互代词
七、。Each other和one another
Each other ,one another“互相”,可以通用。
each other表示两者之间的相互之间,
one anther表示三者以上的许多人之间。
如:We must help each other when we are in trouble.
They sat there talking to one another / each other.(他们坐在那儿交谈。)
八、关系代词(Relative Pronouns)who, whom, whose, which. That等,见于定语从句中
九、连接代词(Conjunctive Pronouns))who,whom,whose,which,what
注:八和九涉及较高层次语法重点,暂略
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