过去完成时

3. 过去完成时的语法判定

(1)由时间状语来判定

一般说来，各种时态都有特定的时间状语。与过去完成时连用的时间状语有：

①by + 过去的时间点

I had finished reading the novel by nine o’clock last night.

②by the end of + 过去的时间点

We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term.

③before + 过去的时间点

They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.

(2)由"过去的过去"来判定

过去完成时表示"过去的过去"，是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作，即动作有先后关系，动作在前的用过去完成时，在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在：

①宾语从句中

当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时，且从句的动作先于主句的动作时，从句要用过去完成时。如told，said，knew，heard，thought等动词后的宾语从句。

She said that she had seen the film before.

②状语从句中

在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中，主、从句的动作发生有先后关系，动作在前的，要用过去完成时，动作在后的要用一般过去时。

After he had finished his homework, he went to bed.

注意：before，after 引导的时间状语从句中，由于 before 和 after 本身已表达了动作的先后关系，若主、从句表示的动作紧密相连，则主、从句都用一般过去时。

After he closed the door, he left the classroom.

③表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示"原本……，未能……"。

We had hoped that you would come, but you didn’t.

(3)根据上、下文来判定

I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadn’t seen each other since he went to Beijing.