过去完成时

过去完成时的含义

表示在过去某个时间或某个动作之前发生的动作，表示一个动作或状态在某一时间或动作之前已经完成，其动作发生的时间是“过去的过去”，它的参照物是一般过去时。

过去完成时的标志

(1)特定的时间状语

①by+过去的时间点

He had finished reading the book by 10 o’clock yesterday.

到昨天10点前，他已经读完了这本书。

②by the end of + 过去的时间点

We had learned a lot of English songs by the end of last term.

到上学期末我们已经学了很多英文歌曲。

③由by the time, before, when等引导时间状语从句时，主从句的动作发生有先后，动作在前的用过去完成完成时。

By the time I went outside, they had already left.

当我出去时。他们已经离开了。

The train had already left when I got to the station.

我到达车站时火车已经离开了。

(2)具体的语境(看动作是否发生在“过去的过去”)

①主句为一般过去时，且宾语从句的动作先于主句的动作发生时，从句要用过去完成时。

She said that she had seen the film before.

她说她以前已经看过这部电影了。

②上下文语境

I met Jim in the street yesterday. We hadn’t seen each other since he went to Beijing.

我昨天在街上碰见吉姆了。自从他去北京后，我们就再没见过面。

经典例题

例1. When she got to the station, the bus_______ the station for ten minutes.

has left B. had left

had been away from D. left

答案：C

例2. The meeting _______ by the time I got there yesterday.

was on B. has been on

had begun D. has begun

答案：C

例3. By the end of last month, I ________ all the CDs of Zhou Bichang.

collect B. collected

have collected D. had collected

答案：D