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　　5. 与现在完成时连用的常见词语

　　能与现在完成时连用的词语很多，just, already, yet, before, never, ever, recently等，但常见的有：

　　1) since 自从

　　I have been there many times since the war.

　　We haven’t seen each other since last week.

　　We have been friends ever since.

　　2) in / for / during the past/last … years 在过去/最近…中

　　I’ve been ill for the past three weeks.

　　Great changes have take place in the last ten years.

　　I have been here (for) the last/past month.

　　3) so far 到目前为止

　　We haven’t had any trouble so far.

　　So far the search for the missing middle-aged woman has been fruitless.

　　4)  up to/until now 到现在为止

　　Up to now he’s been quiet.

　　Up to now, the work has been easy.

　　I have heard nothing from him up till now.

　　Up till now we have planted over 2000 trees.

　　5)  It is/will be the first/second … time that … 这是第一/二…次…

　　It’s the first time (that) I’ve been here.

　　It will be the first time (that) I’ve spoken in public.

　　It is the second time (that) I have met him today.

　　6)  This is + 形容词最高级 + that … 这是最…

　　This is the best film that I’ve (ever) seen.

　　6. 现在完成时与一般过去时的区别

　　1) 现在完成时强调对现在的影响和结果，与现在有联系；

　　而一般过去时强调这个动作发生的时间是在过去，不涉及对现在的影响。如：

　　I have seen this film. （我已经看过了这部电影）

　　I saw this film yesterday. （我是昨天看的这部电影）

　　2) 现在完成时常与模糊的时间状语连用（如for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, always等），或者干脆没有时间状语；

　　而一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用（如yesterday, last night, …ago, in 1980, in February等）。

　　3) 现在完成时表示持续时一般使用延续性动词（如live, teach, work, know等）；

　　而一般过去时常使用瞬间动词（如begin, buy, die, marry等）。如：

　　He has lived in Hangzhou since last spring.

　　My grandfather bought the car five years ago.

　　7. 易错点辨析

　　1)  考生容易把一些瞬间动词用现在完成时表达，这是错误的。如：

　　(×) He has died for two years. 他死了两年了。

　　(√) He has been dead for two years.

　　(√) He died two years ago.

　　(×) The film has begun for 10 minutes. 电影开演十分钟了。

　　(√) The film has been on for 10 minutes.

　　(√) The film began 10 minutes ago.

　　(×) She has married for three years. 她结婚有三年了。

　　(√) She has been married for three years.

　　(√) She married Mike three years ago.

　　2) 考生不懂如何区分have been to和have gone to，尽管两者均可后接地点，但have been to表示去过某地（现在已经回来了），have gone to表示到某地去了（现在还没回来）。如：

　　She has been to Paris (three times).

　　She has gone to Paris.

　　7

　　过去完成时

　　标志：had + 动词的过去分词

　　1. 表示在过去的某个时间或动作以前已经发生的动作或已经存在的状态。如：

　　By the end of last week he had finished the work.

　　He had left when I arrived.

　　2.  表示从过去某一时间开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态。如：

　　We had not seen each other since I left Beijing.

　　The film had been on for 5 minutes when I got to the cinema.

　　3. 某些表意向的动词（如intend, think, plan, expect, hope等）的过去完成时表示主语未曾实现的愿望、希望、打算。如：

　　I had intended to visit you last night, but someone called and I couldn’t get away.

　　We had hoped that you would come, but you didn’t.

　　4. （虚拟语气）在条件状体从句或wish / would rather等后面的从句中，使用过去完成时表示与过去事实相反的主观愿望。如：

　　The party wouldn’t have been so perfect if you hadn’t come.

　　I wish I had gone with you to the concert that day.