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　　I've = I have；You've = You have；

　　He's = He has；She's = She has；It's = It has

　　We've = We have；They've = They have

　　I’d = I had；you’d = you had；He'd = He had；She'd = She had

　　It'd = It had；We'd = We had；They'd = They had

　　◆例句

　　1、I’ve got a job. = I have got a job.（我找到了一份工作。）

　　2、We've been married for one year. = We have been married for one year.（我们结婚一年了。）

　　3、He'd never learned to read. = He had never learned to read.（他一直没有学会阅读。）

　　情态动词的相关缩写

　　will缩写成’ll，would缩写成’d。

　　I’ll = I will；you’ll = you will

　　she’ll = she will；he’ll = he will

　　we’ll = we will；they’ll = they will

　　I’d = I would；you’d = you would

　　she’d = she would；he’d = he would

　　we’d = we would；they’d = they would

　　◆例句

　　1、I’ll see you tomorrow. = I will see you tomorrow.（明天见。）

　　2、He'll study harder. = He will study harder.（他将更加努力学习。）

　　3、They’d like to come with us. = They would like to come with us.（他们想和我们一起去。）

　　其他缩写

　　1、Let’s ...＝Let us ...

　　2、My name’s ...＝My name is ...

　　◆例句

　　1、Let's go to the cinema together.＝Let us go to the cinema together.（我们一起去看电影。）

　　2、My name’s Gina.＝My name is Gina.（我的名字叫吉娜。）