2024年中考英语：名词详解
知识梳理
一、名词的种类 专有名词和普通名词 专用名词：国名、地名、人名、月份、节日、团体、机构名称； 例如：China,Mary,Jim, America, England 普通名词分为：可数名词、不可数名词 可数名词又包含个体名词和集体名词；
个体名词
book, student,teacher, pen
集体名词：family, class,team, group
二、名词的数
1．规则的名词复数形式：
(1)一般情况在词尾加-s
map-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days
(2)以s,x,ch, sh结尾的名词后加-es
class-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches
(3)以-f或-fe结尾的词，变-f和-fe为v再加-es
leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives,wife-wives
(4)以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加-es
party-parties, family-families, story-stories
(5)以元音字母加y结尾的名词，加-s
toy-toys, boy-boys, day-days
(6)以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词：
hero-heroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes
一般加es ,外来词或缩写词，加-s
piano-pianos, photo-photos, kilo-kilos
(7)以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-s
radio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos
2.不规则的名词复数形式：
(1)改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式
man-men, woman-women,foot-feet,
goose-geese, tooth-teeth, child-children, mouse-mice
(2)单复数相同
sheep, deer, fish
(3)通常以复数形式出现
trousers, clothes, thanks, chopsticks, glasses, noodles, vegetables,fireworks, jeans, dumplings, congratulations
(4)一些集体名词总是用作复数
people, police
(5)部分集体名词即可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员）
class, family, crowd, couple, group, team
(6)表示“某国人” ①加-s
Americans, Australians, Germans, Romans, Europeans
②单复数同形
Chinese, Japanese
③以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men, -women
Englishman-Englishmen,Frenchman-Frenchmen, Frenchwoman- Frenchwomen
(7)合成名词或名词性定语时 将主体名词变为复数
boy friends,girl students, housewives, policemen
将两部分变为复数
women singers, men scientists, women doctor, men workers
(8)以-s结尾,但实际上是单数或不可数名词
physics, mathematics / maths, the United States, news
3．既可用作可数名词又可用作不可数名词,但词义不同的词
：
glass：可数名词，玻璃杯;不可数名词，玻璃。
room：可数名词，房间;不可数名词，空间。
chicken：可数名词，小鸡;不可数名词，鸡肉。
fish：可数名词，鱼;不可数名词，鱼肉。
exercise：可数名词，习题;不可数名词，锻炼。
light：可数名词，电灯;不可数名词，光。
change：可数名词，变化;不可数名词，零钱。
time：可数名词，次、倍;不可数名词，时间。
orange：可数名词，橙子;不可数名词，橙汁。
work：可数名词，作品;不可数名词，工作。
数不可数名词的复数形式表示特殊的意义：
time：时间;times：时代。
sand：沙子;sands：沙滩。
paper：纸;papers：论文、试卷。
fruit：水果;fruits：各类水果。
hair：头发;hairs：几根头发。
wood：木材;woods：树林。
glass：玻璃;glasses：眼镜。
food：食物;foods：各种食物。
4.不可数名词及量的表达、修饰可数名词的词
(1)初中阶段学过的不可数名词
water, tea, milk, orange, ink, rain,
snow, weather, juice, fruit, coffee,
food, salt, rice, meat, bread, cotton,
homework, housework, money,
knowledge, news, information,
chalk, progress, traffic, oil, air
(2)用a piece of这类定语+名词 a piece of paper, a glass of water, a cup of tea, a bag of rice, two kilos of pears,much, little, a little, a bit of等修饰不可数名词
The rich man has a lot of money.
There is some milk in the bottle.
(3)many, several, few, a few, a couple of , a number of , hundreds of, thousands of ,millions of等修饰可数名词
There is less and less water on the earth
He made fewer and fewer mistakes.
(4)a lot of , lots of , plenty of, enough, some, any即可修饰可数名词又可修饰不可数名词
There are a number of students living in the village.I have a lot of stamps.We don't have enough time.
三、名词所有格
名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加's构成，二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。
1. 's所有格的构成
Eg：the boy's father Jack's book
the teachers' room the twins' mother
the doctor'smy uncle's (表示“某人家”，“店铺”，所有格后名词省略)
【注意】分别拥有和共同所有
：
eg：Lily's and Lucy's rooms
(莉莉和露西分别拥有一间房)
Lily and Lucy's room
(莉莉和露西共同拥有一间房)
2 .'s所有格的用法
(1)表示时间
eg：today's newspaper, five weeks' holiday
(2)表示国家城市等地方的名词
eg：the country's plan, the world's population
(3)表示度量衡及价值
eg：a mile's journey, ten minutes' walk
3. of所有格的用法
：
用于无生命的东西：
the legsofthe chair, the coverof the book.
用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：
the book of the students sitting near the window
4.双重所有格：
a friend of my father 's,
several classmates of Tom 's,
a friend of mine
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